Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-Radar ku-Archaeology
Ukuvubukula sekuyisikhathi eside kufana nokumba, ukusebenzisa amabhulashi amancane, kanye nokutholakala kwezinto zobuciko kancane kancane. Kodwa-ke, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ishintshe indlela abasebenza ngayo abavubukuli. Enye yezinto ezintsha ezithinta kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-radar "ukubona" okufihliwe ngaphansi komhlaba ngaphandle kokumba kuqala. I-radar esimweni sokuvubukula ayisheshisi nje ucwaningo kodwa futhi isiza ekulondolozweni kwezindawo, ukunciphisa umonakalo, kanye nokuthuthukisa ukunemba kwemephu. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngendlela ubuchwepheshe be-radar obusetshenziswa ngayo ekuvubukuleni, izimiso zayo zokusebenza, izinzuzo, imikhawulo, kanye nezibonelo zokusetshenziswa kwayo ekufundweni kwezindawo zasendulo.
Buyini ubuchwepheshe be-radar ekuvubukuleni izinto zakudala?
Emivubukulweni, igama elithi "radar" livame ukubhekisela ku-Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). I-GPR iyindlela ye-geophysical edlulisela amaza kagesi emhlabathini nge-antenna. Lawa maza abonakala emuva lapho ehlangana nomehluko ezimpahleni zezinto ezibonakalayo, njengaphakathi kwenhlabathi yokuqala kanye nedwala elihlukile, isitini, indawo yokungcwaba, noma ungqimba oluyi-sedimentary. Lokhu kubonakaliswa kube sekuthathwa yi-antenna etholayo bese kucutshungulwa kube idatha ebonakalayo ekhombisa izimo zangaphansi komhlaba.
Ngaphandle kwe-GPR, kunezinye izindlela ze-radar ocwaningweni lwezinto zakudala, njenge-SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) esebenzisa izithombe zesathelayithi noma zezindiza ukuze kudwetshwe izinguquko zobuso kanye ne-topographic ngezinga elikhulu. Nakuba zihlukile ngobukhulu nangenjongo, zombili zifeza injongo efanayo: ukusiza abavubukuli ukuthola izinkomba ngaphandle kwezindlela ezibhubhisayo.
Isimiso sokusebenza se-GPR: ukubonakaliswa kwamagagasi “okufunda”
I-GPR isebenza ngendlela efanayo ne-sonar emikhunjini, kodwa isebenzisa amaza kagesi esikhundleni samaza omsindo. Idivayisi ye-GPR ithumela amaza omsindo endaweni engaphansi komhlaba. Lapho amaza efika emngceleni phakathi kwezinto ezimbili ezinezakhiwo zikagesi ezahlukene—isibonelo, inhlabathi emanzi nedwala, noma isihlabathi kanye nesakhiwo sodonga—amanye amandla abonakala emuva.
Umphumela uvame ukuba yi-radargram, ingxenye ephindwe kabili ebonisa ubukhali bokubonakaliswa ekujuleni okuthile. Ngokwenza ukuskena okuphindaphindiwe ngephethini yegridi, abavubukuli bangakha amamodeli anezinhlangothi ezintathu ukuze badwebe ama-anomaly futhi bachaze izakhiwo ezingaba khona njengokwakha izisekelo, imisele, imigwaqo yasendulo, ngisho namathuna.
Imvamisa ye-antenna ibalulekile: imvamisa ephezulu inikeza ukuxazululwa okungcono kodwa ukujula okungajulile, kuyilapho imvamisa ephansi ingena ngokujulile kodwa ikhiqiza imininingwane ecacile. Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha ukucushwa kwethuluzi kuncike ezicini zendawo kanye nezinhloso zocwaningo.
Izinzuzo eziyinhloko ze-radar ekuvubukuleni izinto zakudala
1. Indlela engonakalisi
Inzuzo ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ayibhubhisi. Izindawo eziningi zemivubukulo zibuthakathaka, zivikelwe ngumthetho, noma zibalulekile emiphakathini yendawo. Nge-radar, abavubukuli bangahlola amandla endawo ngaphambi kokumba, futhi kwezinye izimo, baze bagweme ngisho nokumba ngokuphelele.
2. Isikhathi kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko
Ukumba kudinga abasebenzi abaningi, isikhathi, kanye nezindleko eziphezulu zokuthutha. I-GPR ivumela ukuhlola okusheshayo ukuze kutholakale izindawo ezithembisayo kakhulu, okuvumela ukumba okuqondiswe kakhulu.
3. Ukumapha kwezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi
Izindawo zasemadolobheni zasendulo noma izakhiwo zamathempeli zivame ukuba nezendlalelo eziningi zezakhiwo kanye nokusetshenziswa komhlaba. I-radar isiza ekubaleni amaphethini ezakhiwo angabonakali ebusweni, njengezinhlelo zokwakha, amanethiwekhi okuhambisa amanzi, noma imingcele yokuhlala.
4. Ukusekelwa ukulondolozwa nokuphathwa kwendawo
Idatha ye-radar ingasetshenziswa ukuklama izinhlelo zokuvikela indawo, ukunquma izindawo zezivakashi, noma ukumaka izindawo ezisengozini yokuguguleka komhlabathi kanye nentuthuko yesimanje. Ulwazi olungaphansi komhlaba lusiza abenzi benqubomgomo ukuthi benze izinqumo ezinolwazi oluthe xaxa.
Izinhlelo zokusebenza zokuzwa okukude kwe-SAR kanye ne-radar
Ngaphandle kwe-GPR, i-radar nayo iza ngesimo sokuzwa okukude, njenge-Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). Ngokungafani nezithombe ezibonakalayo, i-SAR ingangena emafwini futhi isebenze emini noma ebusuku. Emivubukulweni, i-SAR ingasiza ekutholeni iminonjana yezindawo zokuhlala zasendulo ngezinguquko ekubunjweni kobuso, umswakama womhlabathi, noma ukususwa okuncane okungabonakali kalula ngeso lenyama. Ezindaweni ezimbozwe yizitshalo noma ezivame ukuba namafu, i-SAR iba ithuluzi elibalulekile lokuhlola izifunda, ikakhulukazi uma ihlanganiswa neminye imininingwane efana ne-LiDAR, izithombe zasemoyeni, kanye nezithombe eziningi.
Izibonelo zokusetshenziswa kwe-radar ensimini
Ubuchwepheshe be-radar busetshenziswe ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba. Isibonelo, i-GPR ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuthola amathuna ngaphandle kokumba, ukumaka izisekelo zesakhiwo ezingcwatshwe, noma ukulandelela imigwaqo kanye nemisele yokuzivikela. Emadolobheni amaningi asendulo, i-GPR isetshenziselwa ukumaka izakhiwo zomlando ngaphansi kwemigwaqo yesimanje, okusiza ukuhlela intuthuko ukuze kugwenywe ukulimaza ifa lamasiko. Ezindaweni zokungcwaba zasendulo, i-radar nayo iwusizo kakhulu ekunqumeni izindawo zokungcwaba kanye nokujula ngaphandle kokuphazamisa izinsalela zabantu.
Ngobubanzi, i-radar yesathelayithi ingasiza ekuboneni amaphethini endawo akhomba ukuba khona kwendawo, njengemifula yasendulo, izibazi zemisele, noma izindunduma ezimelela izinsalela zokwakha. Ngakho-ke, i-radar ingadlala indima kusukela esigabeni sokuhlola kuze kube sekubhalweni.
Izinselele kanye nemikhawulo
Naphezu kwesithembiso sayo, ubuchwepheshe be-radar abukhiqizi njalo idatha eqondakala kalula. Kunemikhawulo embalwa ebalulekile:
1. Izimo zenhlabathi zithinta kakhulu imiphumela. Ubumba noma inhlabathi edonsa kakhulu amanzi kakhulu ingamunca amandla amaza, okuholela ekungeneni okungajulile kanye nokukhanya okubi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isihlabathi esomile sivame ukukhiqiza imiphumela engcono.
2. Ukuchazwa kwedatha kudinga ubuchwepheshe. Izinto ezingavamile kuma-radargram azizona ngempela izinto zakudala; kungaba izimpande zemithi, amatshe emvelo, noma ukuphazamiseka kwesimanje okufana namapayipi nezintambo.
3. Isixazululo vs. ukujula kuyimpikiswano. Amatshe amancane ekujuleni okukhulu kunzima ukuwabona, ikakhulukazi uma imvamisa ye-antenna ingalungile.
4. Ukuphazamiseka kwemvelo kanye nokungcola kwesimanje. Izindawo ezisezindaweni zasemadolobheni zingagcwaliswa ngezinto zensimbi, ukhonkolo, kanye nezintambo zikagesi ezikhiqiza ukubonakaliswa okuqinile nokudidayo.
5. Izidingo zokulinganisa nokuqinisekisa. Idatha ye-radar kufanele iqinisekiswe kusetshenziswa ezinye izindlela, njengokumba okulinganiselwe (umgodi wokuhlola), i-magnetometry, ukumelana nenhlabathi, noma ukumba izinto zakudala.
Ukuhlanganiswa nezinye izindlela zobuchwepheshe
Emikhubeni yesimanje, i-radar ayisebenzi yodwa. Izazi zemivubukulo zivame ukuhlanganisa i-GPR ne-GPS enembile kakhulu ye-georeferencing, isofthiwe yokumodela ye-3D yokubona ngeso lengqondo, kanye nezinye izindlela ze-geophysical ukuze zihambisane. I-Magnetometry iyasebenza ekutholeni umsebenzi oshisayo noma izakhiwo ezithile; ukuvikela kusiza ekubaleni izindonga nemisele; kanti i-LiDAR ihamba phambili ekubukeni i-micro-topography ezindaweni ezinamahlathi. Uma yonke idatha ihlanganisiwe, isithombe sendawo siba siphelele futhi sinembile kakhulu.
Umthelela esikhathini esizayo sezinto zakudala
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-radar kuphawula ushintsho ekuvubukuleni kwezinto zakudala oluya endleleni yedijithali, elinganisekayo, negxile ekulondolozweni. Esikhathini esizayo, intuthuko ekubhaleni nasekuhlakanipheni kokwenziwa ingasiza ekucubunguleni ngokuzenzakalelayo ama-radargram, ekuhlukaniseni iziphambeko, nasekubikezeleni izinhlobo zezakhiwo ezingase zingcwatshwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amadivayisi e-GPR alula futhi angabizi kakhulu avumela ukuhlolwa ngamaqembu amancane, ngisho nasezindaweni ezikude.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izici zokuziphatha zisabalulekile. Imininingwane engaphansi komhlaba eveza indawo yamathuna noma izindawo ezingcwele kumele iphathwe ngokucophelela ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusetshenziswa kabi kokuphanga noma ukuxhaphaza. Ngakho-ke, abavubukuli kudingeka babambisane neziphathimandla zendawo kanye nemiphakathi, baqinisekise ukuthi ubuchwepheshe busetshenziselwa ukulondolozwa, hhayi ukubhujiswa.
Isiphetho
Ubuchwepheshe be-radar, ikakhulukazi i-radar engena emhlabathini, bube yithuluzi elishintshayo kwezemivubukulo. Njengoba inekhono layo lokumaka izakhiwo ezingaphansi komhlaba ngendlela engabhubhisi, i-radar isiza abavubukuli ukuthola, ukubhala phansi, nokuvikela ifa lamasiko ngempumelelo enkulu. Naphezu kwemingcele ngenxa yezimo zomhlaba kanye nobunzima bokuhumusha, i-radar isalokhu iyingxenye ebalulekile yebhokisi lamathuluzi lesimanje lezemivubukulo. Uma ihlanganiswa nezinye izindlela futhi isekelwa ukuhlaziywa kwedijithali, ubuchwepheshe be-radar buvula amathuba amasha okuqonda isikhathi esidlule ngaphandle kokubhubhisa iminonjana yaso.
Uma ufisa, ngingalungisa lesi sihloko sibe amagama ayi-1000 ngqo, ngengeze izifundo ezithile (isib. izindawo zamathempeli e-Indonesia), noma ngenze inguqulo yezemfundo egcwele uhlu lwezincwadi.
