Imivubukulo kanye Nemibono Ethandwayo Yokuceba Uzungu
Isayensi yemivubukulo empeleni iwumzamo wesayensi wokuqonda isikhathi esidlule sabantu ngokusebenzisa imikhondo yezinto ezibonakalayo: izinto zobuciko, izakhiwo, izinsalela zokudla, amathambo, izindawo, ngisho nemibhalo yasendulo. Izindlela zayo zincike ekumbeni okulawulwayo, ekutholeni isikhathi (isb., ukuqopha i-radiocarbon), ukuhlaziywa kwelabhorethri, ukumaka imephu, kanye nokuhumusha okuhlolwa njalo ngokutholwa okusha. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi isikhathi esidlule sivame ukuzwakala siyimfihlakalo futhi singaphelele, isayensi yemivubukulo ivame ukuba yindawo evundile yemibono ethandwayo yozungu. Izindaba zempucuko “efihliwe”, ubuchwepheshe basendulo “obunqotshwe ohulumeni,” noma izinsalela “ezingahambisani nesayensi” zisakazeka kalula—ikakhulukazi enkathini yezokuxhumana.
Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngokuthi kungani imibono yobuqili bezinto zakudala ithakazelisa kangaka, izinhlobo zezimangalo ezivame ukuvela, izibonelo ezidumile, nokuthi ungahlukanisa kanjani ulwazi lwesayensi ezindabeni ezivusa imizwa.
Kungani Isayensi Yezinto Ezivubukuliwe Ingena Kalula Emaqhingeni?
Kunezizathu eziningana zokuthi kungani isayensi yezinto zakudala iyisisusa sokuqagela okubanzi. Okokuqala, ubufakazi bezinto zakudala buyizingxenye ezincane. Asivamile ukuthola "indaba ephelele"; kunalokho, sithola izingcezu okumele zihlanganiswe ngokucophelela. Lezi zikhala zolwazi zivame ukugcwaliswa umcabango. Okwesibili, okutholakele kwezinto zakudala kuvame ukuba yinkimbinkimbi futhi kudinga umongo. Ngaphandle komongo, into yobuciko ingabonakala "iyinqaba" noma "ingenakwenzeka" uma empeleni kunencazelo elula.
Okwesithathu, isayensi yezinto zakudala ithinta ubuwena kanye nokuziqhenya: imvelaphi yesizwe, inkolo, noma iqembu elithile. Kulesi simo, indaba "yeqiniso elifihliwe" iyakhanga kakhulu ngoba inikeza izimpendulo ezicacile nezimangalisayo. Okwesine, imithombo yezindaba ethandwayo ivame ukusekela izindaba ezimangalisayo. Izihloko ezithi "ubuchwepheshe basendulo" noma "ubufakazi babafokazi" zisakazeka ngokushesha kunemibiko yokumba ehlelekile.
Amaphethini Ajwayelekile Emibono Yokuceba Izinto Ezivubukuliwe
Nakuba kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene, imibono yobuqili bezinto zakudala ivame ukulandela amaphethini alandelayo:
1. Kukhona okutholwe “okunyakazisa umlando”, kodwa “kufihliwe” yizifundiswa, iminyuziyamu, noma uhulumeni.
2. Isayensi evamile ibhekwa njengemfundiso engaphikiswana ngayo, yenqaba ubufakazi ngoba nje bungahambisani nemibono ekhona.
3. Isakhiwo noma indawo isuswa kumongo wayo bese ihunyushwa ngokukhululeka.
4. Ukuthembela “ezimweni ezingavamile” ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa, njengezithombe ezingacacile, izingcaphuno ezingatholakali, noma izimangalo zokutholwa ngaphandle kwemibiko yesayensi.
5. Izisusa ezinkulu: ukugcina amandla, ukufihla imvelaphi yabantu, ukufihla ubuchwepheshe obukhululekile, njalo njalo.
La maphethini asebenza kahle ngokwengqondo ngoba anikeza umbono wokuthi umfundi uyingxenye yeqembu “elazi imfihlo.”
Izibonelo Zemibono Ethandwayo Yokubumbana Kwezinto Ezivubukulayo
1. I-Atlantis kanye Nezimpucuko Zomhlaba Ezilahlekile
I-Atlantis ingenye yezindaba ezidumile kakhulu, ezivela ezingxoxweni zikaPlato. Imibono eminingi yobuqili ikholelwa ukuthi i-Atlantis yayiyimpucuko ethuthuke ngempela eyalahleka ngenxa yenhlekelele. Izinguqulo zanamuhla zivame ukwengeza izimangalo zokuthi i-Atlantis ishiye ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe noma yasakazeka emhlabeni wonke.
Inkinga enkulu akuyona ukuthi kungenzeka kube nedolobha noma isiko elishonile—lokho kungenzeka ezindaweni eziningi—kodwa kunalokho isimangalo esiqondile sokuthi i-Atlantis yayiyisikhungo sempucuko yomhlaba wonke eyayingachaza ngokufanayo imibhoshongo, izintaba ezinkulu, nolwazi lwezinkanyezi zasendulo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isayensi yemivubukulo ikhombisa ukuthi izinto eziningi ezintsha zavela ngokuzimela ezindaweni ezahlukene, zithonywe yizindawo zasendaweni, izidingo zomphakathi, kanye namanethiwekhi okuhweba asunguliwe.
2. Abafokazi Bakha Amaphiramidi
Indaba "yabasemkhathini basendulo" ithi abantu basendulo babengenakukwazi ukwakha amaphiramidi noma izikhumbuzo ezinkulu ngaphandle kosizo lwezinto zangaphandle komhlaba. Lesi simangalo ngokuvamile sisekelwe ekucabangeni kokuthi ubuchwepheshe basendulo babulinganiselwe kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwemivubukulo kanye nobunjiniyela bokuhlola kubonise izindlela ezahlukahlukene ezinengqondo: izinhlelo zokuma, abasebenzi abahlelekile, amathuluzi alula kodwa asebenzayo, kanye nokuphathwa kwempahla okukhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibono yabantu bakwamanye amazwe ivame ukunganaki ubufakazi bezenhlalo: amarekhodi abasebenzi, izinsalela zokuhlala, izimpawu zamathuluzi, imidwebo, kanye nezintambo zokuhlinzeka ngezinto ezibonakalayo. Ngokumangalisayo, lezi zimangalo ziphinde zinciphise amandla emiphakathi yasendulo, njengokungathi impumelelo emangalisayo yesintu "yayibolekwe" ngandlela thile kubantu bakwamanye amazwe.
3. “Into Engatholakali Endaweni” (OOPart)
I-OOPart igama elidumile lezinto zobuciko ezibhekwa “njengezithuthuke kakhulu” noma “eziphelelwe yisikhathi,” njengezindaba ngamabhethri asendulo, izinjini zesimanje ezisebenza ngamalahle asendulo, noma amamephu okuthiwa abonisa i-Antarctica engenaqhwa. Ezinye izimangalo zivela ekuchazeni kabi, amanga, noma umongo we-geology ongalungile. Kukhona nezinto zobuciko zangempela ezididayo nje, kodwa ukudideka kokuqala akusho ukuthi kukhona uzungu; yilapho kanye lapho kudingeka khona ucwaningo.
Kwezesayensi, izinto ezingavamile azizona izitha. Ziyimbangela yocwaningo. Umehluko uwukuthi, isayensi idinga imibhalo: indawo okutholwe kuyo, izingqimba zenhlabathi, izindlela zokuthola isikhathi, kanye nezincwadi ezingaqinisekiswa. Ama-OOPart amaningi adumile ayahluleka ukuhlangabezana nalezi zidingo eziyisisekelo.
4. Imigqa yeNazca njenge-“UFO Landing”
Imigqa yeNazca ePeru ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-UFO landing pad ngoba mikhulu futhi ibonakala ngokucacile kuphela emoyeni. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi abantu bangakha le miklamo emikhulu besebenzisa amasu okulinganisa alula, izigxobo, kanye nentambo. Imigqa ihlobene nemikhuba yamasiko, izimpawu, kanye nezindawo ezingcwele, hhayi izidingo zobuchwepheshe zezindiza.
Ukuqonda okwengeziwe ngesiko lamaNazca—kufaka phakathi izinto zobumba, izithombe, kanye namaphethini okuhlala—kunikeza umongo wokuthi ama-geoglyph ayeyingxenye yesimiso sezinkolelo, hhayi inkomba yokuvakasha kwezizwe.
5. Izikhwebu Zekristalu Nezinkohliso Eziba “Ubufakazi”
Ezinye izinto zobuciko ezidumile, njenge-“crystal skulls,” zake zakhuthazwa njengezinsalela zasendulo eziyimfihlakalo. Eziningi zalezi kamuva zafakazelwa ukuthi zenziwe enkathini yanamuhla (isb., ikhulu le-19/20), zatholakala ngokuhlaziya imihuzuko yamathuluzi, ukwakheka kwezinto, kanye nemikhondo yokukhiqiza. Amacala anjengalawa aqokomisa ukubaluleka kokuhlolwa kwelebhu kanye nokuvela kwayo. Izinto zobuciko ezingenalo ukuvela okucacile zisengozini enkulu yokwenziwa mbumbulu, ikakhulukazi lapho izimakethe zokuqoqa kanye nezamamyuziyamu zinikeza izikhuthazo zomnotho.
6. Uzungu “Lokuthuliswa Kwezinto Zakudala”
Kunezinsolo zokuthi abavubukuli bafihla ngamabomu okutholakele ukuze bavikele "indaba esemthethweni." Ngempela, umlando wesayensi uhlaselwe ukucwasa, ezombusazwe, ngisho nokuxhashazwa—akukho nsimu engasebenzi kahle. Kodwa-ke, izindlela zokulawula emvubukulweni yanamuhla empeleni zikhuthaza ukucaca: izincwadi, izingqungquthela, ukuphindaphindwa kwezindlela, kanye nokubuyekezwa kwelabhorethri ehlanganisayo. Ukufihla okutholwe okukhulu emhlabeni jikelele kungaba nzima kakhulu, uma kubhekwa ukuxhumana kwabacwaningi, izikhungo, kanye nedatha ehilelekile.
Ngokuvamile, into ebhekwa “njengokuthule” empeleni iyisiphetho esingakaqinisekiswa, esingenawo umongo oqinile we-stratigraphic, noma esingazange sibuyekezwe ontanga.
Umthelela Omubi Wemibono Yokuceba Ngezinto Ezivubukulayo
Imibono yozungu ayihlali nje "ijabulisa." Imiphumela yayo ingaba yangempela. Okokuqala, ingakhuthaza ukuzingela ingcebo kanye nokuphangwa kwezindawo, ilimaze ngokungenakulungiswa izimo zemivubukulo. Okwesibili, ingabeka eceleni iminikelo yemiphakathi yasendaweni futhi igxeke umlando njengemfihlakalo nje, hhayi umsebenzi wesintu. Okwesithathu, uzungu lungasetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zezepolitiki: ukufuna "amalungelo" endawo noma ubuwena ngokuhlanekezela ubufakazi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isithakazelo somphakathi ezimfihlakalo zesikhathi esidlule singaba yithuba lemfundo—inqobo nje uma siqondiswe ezindleleni nasebufakazini, hhayi ezintweni ezivusa imizwa.
Indlela Yokuhlola Izimangalo Zemivubukulo Ukuze Ugweme Izingibe Zokuceba
Kunemibuzo ethile ewusizo engasiza:
1. Ingabe ikhona imibiko yesayensi noma izincwadi ezingahlolwa?
Hhayi amavidiyo noma amabhulogi kuphela, kodwa nezinsiza ezifaka idatha kanye nendlela yokwenza izinto.
2. Ingabe umongo wezinto ezitholakele ucacile?
Itholakale kuphi, kuluphi ungqimba, ngamadokhumenti aphi okumba?
3. Ingabe ikhona idethi eqinisekisiwe?
Yiziphi izindlela ezisetshenzisiwe, futhi ingabe ziyahambisana nobunye ubufakazi?
4. Ingabe isimangalo sidinga "ukugxuma okungavamile"?
Izimangalo ezingavamile zidinga ubufakazi obungavamile, hhayi nje ukumangala.
5. Ingabe indaba ayizinaki izincazelo ezilula?
“Izimfihlakalo” eziningi zinezincazelo zobuchwepheshe, zenhlalo, noma zamasiko ezinengqondo.
I-Penutup
Isayensi yemivubukulo iyifasitela lokuhlukahluka kwabantu kanye nobuciko eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane. Ngenxa yokuthi isikhathi esidlule siyathandeka kakhulu, sivame "ukuphangwa" yimibono yozungu enikeza izimpendulo ezisheshayo nezimangalisayo. Inselele iwukuhlukanisa ilukuluku elinempilo ezindabeni ezisebenzisa ukungazi kanye nezikhala zolwazi.
Uma siqonda ukuthi imisebenzi yemivubukulo isebenza kanjani—ukubaluleka komongo, ubufakazi obunezingqimba, kanye nokuzilungisa kwesayensi—asilahlekelwa yisimangaliso sesikhathi esidlule. Esikhundleni salokho, sithola umuzwa onamandla wokumangala: ukuthi abantu, abanobuchwepheshe obubonakala bulula, bakwazi ukwakha, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, ukucabanga, nokushiya imikhondo esingayifunda nanamuhla.
