I-Industrial Archaeology kanye ne-Technological Heritage
Isayensi yemivubukulo ivame ukubhekwa njengokumbiwa kwezindawo zasendulo: amathempeli, izindawo zokuhlala zasendulo, noma amathuna asebukhosini. Kodwa-ke, imikhondo yesikhathi esidlule idlulela ngale kwamatshe asendulo. Izimboni ezindala, imizila yesitimela egqwala, izindawo zokugcina impahla zamachweba, iziteshi zikagesi, ngisho nemishini eshiywe emahholo okukhiqiza nakho kuyizinto zobuciko eziphethe izindaba ezibalulekile. Yilapho isayensi yemivubukulo yezimboni ingena khona—igatsha locwaningo elihlola izinsalela zezinto zemisebenzi yezimboni nezobuchwepheshe, ikakhulukazi kusukela kuNguquko Yezimboni kuya enkathini yanamuhla, ukuqonda ukuthi imiphakathi isebenza kanjani, ikhiqiza futhi ibumba kanjani impilo yansuku zonke.
Kuyini ukuvubukulwa kwezimboni?
Ngokuvamile, isayensi yemivubukulo yezimboni iwukufunda ngezinsalela ezibonakalayo zokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni: izakhiwo, ingqalasizinda, imishini, izindawo zokusebenza, ngisho nezindawo eziguqulwe yimisebenzi yokukhiqiza. Ukugxila kudlulela ngale "kwezinto" ebuhlotsheni obuphakathi kobuchwepheshe, ezomnotho, abasebenzi, kanye namasiko. Izimayini zikashukela, izimayini zamalahle, amadamu, amanethiwekhi okunisela ezimboni, noma izakhiwo zesitimela kungaqondwa njengezinhlelo ezixhumene—hhayi nje izakhiwo ezizimele.
Ngokungafani nokuvubukulwa kwezinto zakudala , okuvame ukuhlola izikhathi ezithatha izinkulungwane zeminyaka, ukuvubukulwa kwezinto zezimboni kuvame ukusebenza nemithombo "emisha": ikhulu le-18 kuya kwelama-20, ngisho nezinsalela zobuchwepheshe bokuqala besikhathi sedijithali. Noma kunjalo, inani layo lesayensi lihlala libalulekile ngoba idatha yezinto ezibonakalayo ezivela embonini ivame ukunikeza imininingwane engabonakali kalula ezinqolobaneni ezibhaliwe: amaphethini okusebenzela, amazinga okuphepha, ukwenziwa ngcono kwabasebenzi, ngisho nobufakazi boshintsho kwezobuchwepheshe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ifa lobuchwepheshe njengomthombo womlando
Igama elithi ifa lobuchwepheshe lihlanganisa okungaphezu nje kwemishini emidala. Lingafaka:
1. Izakhiwo zezimboni kanye nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo: amafektri, oshimula, izindawo zokugcina impahla, amalabhorethri, amahhovisi okuphatha, izindlu zabasebenzi.
2. Ingqalasizinda: izitimela neziteshi, amachweba, imisele, amanethiwekhi kagesi, amabhuloho, imibhoshongo yamanzi, imigwaqo yamahlathi.
3. Imishini namathuluzi okukhiqiza: ama-turbine, ama-boiler, ama-locomotive, ama-look, imishini yokugaya, amaphampu okumba.
4. Imibhalo yobuchwepheshe: amamephu, izincwadi zemiyalelo yomshini, amarekhodi okulungisa, izithombe zomsebenzi, amabhodi emiyalelo yokuphepha.
5. Izindawo zezimboni: imigodi yezimayini, izindunduma zamatshe, izindawo zokulahla imfucuza, amachibi okuhlala, amasimu angaphambilini okulima imfuyo eyodwa.
Konke lokhu kungafundwa “njengombhalo” ochaza inkathi yezobuchwepheshe. Indlela imishini ebekwe ngayo, ibanga eliphakathi kwamakamelo, uhlelo lokungenisa umoya, noma iphethini yesiteshi sokusabalalisa kungadalula ukuqonda kokukhiqiza kanye nezinto eziza kuqala ekuphatheni: ukusebenza kahle, ukulawula, ukuphepha, noma ukonga izindleko.
Kungani isayensi yemivubukulo yezimboni ibalulekile?
Kunezizathu eziningana zokuthi kungani ukuvubukulwa kwezinto zakudala kwezimboni kunendima ebalulekile ekuqondeni umlando wanamuhla:
Okokuqala, iqopha ushintsho emphakathini. Imboni ayikhiqizi nje kuphela izimpahla kodwa futhi ibumba isigaba sabasebenzi, ukufuduka kwabantu, ukufudukela emadolobheni, kanye nezinguquko endleleni yokuphila. Izindlu zabasebenzi eduze kwamafektri, isibonelo, zingabonisa ukuhlukaniswa kwezenhlalo: ubukhulu bezindlu, izindawo zokuhlanzeka, ukufinyelela amanzi ahlanzekile, kanye nokuba seduze nezindawo zokukhiqiza.
Okwesibili, kusisiza ukuthi sifunde umlando wezobuchwepheshe ngendlela eqondile. Izingobo zomlando zingase zithi, "Umshini A wathathelwa indawo nguMshini B," kodwa izinsalela ezibonakalayo zembula ukuthi lokho kufakwa esikhundleni kwenzeka kanjani: ukuthi ngabe kwakukhona yini ukulungiswa kwendawo, ukuthi izingxenye zahlanganiswa kabusha, noma ukuthi ubuchwepheshe obungenisiwe buhlanganiswe nolwazi lwendawo.
Okwesithathu, kuthuthukisa ukuqonda komnotho wezepolitiki. Izakhiwo eziningi zezimboni zihlobene ngqo nezinqubomgomo zamakoloni, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwezinkampani, kanye nemithetho kahulumeni. Izimayini zikashukela, izimayini, noma izitimela ezifundeni eziningi zaziyinsika yomnotho—ngokuvamile zinemiphumela ebalulekile kwezenhlalo nakwezemvelo.
Okwesine, kuhlobene nobunikazi kanye nenkumbulo ehlangene. Kwabanye, amafektri angaphambilini awazona nje izakhiwo ezingenalutho, kodwa ayizindawo ezigcina okuhlangenwe nakho kwemindeni: izizukulwane ezazisebenza njengezinduna, ochwepheshe, ochwepheshe bemishini, noma izisebenzi zasemini.
Izindlela zokuvubukula kwezimboni
Ukuvubukulwa kwezimboni kuhlanganisa izindlela zokuvubukulwa kwezemivubukulo nezifundo zomlando , ubunjiniyela, kanye nezemvelo. Ezinye izindlela ezivame ukusetshenziswa zifaka:
– Ukuhlola nokubhala imephu: ukubhala phansi ukwakheka kwendawo, imigqa yokukhiqiza, kanye nokuxhumana kwengqalasizinda. Lokhu kuvame ukusizwa yi-drones, i-photogrammetry, kanye ne-laser scanning (LiDAR) ukudala amamodeli e-3D.
– Ukuhlaziywa kwezinto: kuhlola izinto zokwakha (izitini, insimbi, insimbi), amasu okwakha, kanye nezinguquko zesakhiwo ngenxa yokuvuselelwa noma umonakalo.
– Ucwaningo lwenjini nobuchwepheshe: ukuhlonza uhlobo lwenjini, izimiso zayo zokusebenza, kanye nanoma yiziphi izinguquko. Izinombolo zochungechunge noma amapuleti efektri angalandelela umsuka nonyaka wokwenziwa.
– Izingobo zomlando nomlando womlomo: ukuhlanganisa imibhalo yenkampani, imibiko kahulumeni, kanye nezingxoxo nabasebenzi bangaphambili ukuze kuqondwe imikhuba yokusebenza engabanjwanga idatha ebonakalayo.
– Ukuvubukulwa kwemvelo kwendawo kanye nemvelo: ukuhlola umkhondo wemvelo wemboni, njengokungcoliswa kwenhlabathi, izinguquko ekugelezeni kwamanzi, noma imiphumela yokugawulwa kwemithi kanye nokumbiwa kwemigodi.
Ngale ndlela, ifektri endala "ingafundwa" njengochungechunge lwezinqumo: kusukela ekubekweni komshini, imizila yezinto zokusetshenziswa, izinqubo zokucubungula, kuya ezindleleni zokusabalalisa.
Izibonelo zezinsalela zezimboni ezivame ukuhlangana nazo
Ezindaweni eziningi, ifa lezimboni likhona ngezindlela ngezinye izikhathi ezithathwa kalula: imizila yamaloli emasimini, izakhiwo zokulinganisa ezolimo, noma oshimula abade bezitini phakathi kwezindawo zokuhlala. Kukhona nezindawo ezinkulu ezifana nalezi:
– Indawo yokucubungula imboni (ushukela, itiye, irabha, usimende) enenethiwekhi yomusi, indawo yokugcina impahla kanye nelebhu.
– Indawo yokumba enemihubhe, indlu yenjini, ukufakwa kwephampu kanye nomugqa wokuthutha.
– Ingqalasizinda yezokuthutha njengeziteshi, izindawo zokuthutha izitimela, imigwaqo yeposi, amabhuloho ensimbi, kanye namachweba.
– Izinsalela zamandla njengezitshalo zamandla ezindala ezisebenzisa amanzi/amalahle, iziteshi zikagesi ezincane, noma imibhoshongo yokudlulisa amandla yesizukulwane sokuqala.
Lezi zinsalela zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezibalulekile eduze kwemifula, izitimela, noma amachweba—okubonisa ukuthi imboni yayincike kakhulu ekuthuthweni kwempahla kanye namandla.
Inselele yokulondolozwa: phakathi kwenani lomlando kanye nezingcindezi zentuthuko
Ifa lezimboni livame ukubhekana nezingozi ezinkulu. Izakhiwo eziningi zibhekwa “njengezingenabo ubuhle,” “ezintsha kakhulu,” noma “eziphazamisa indawo yasemadolobheni,” okwenza kube lula ukuzidiliza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinselele ezithile:
– Ukungcola nokuphepha: Ezinye izindawo zezimboni zangaphambilini ziqukethe izinto eziyingozi (izinsimbi ezisindayo, i-asbestos, izinsalela zamakhemikhali). Lokhu kwenza ukulondolozwa kubize kakhulu futhi kube nzima.
– Izinguquko ekusetshenzisweni komhlaba: izindawo zezimboni ezindala zivame ukutholakala enkabeni yedolobha noma eduze kwezokuthutha, ngakho-ke zinenani eliphezulu lempahla.
– Ukuntuleka kwamadokhumenti: imishini yahlakazwa, insimbi yathengiswa njengezinsalela, izingobo zomlando zalahleka, ngakho umongo wendawo walahleka ngokushesha.
– Ukucekela phansi kanye nokweba: izingxenye zensimbi eziyigugu kanye nezingxenye zivame ukwebiwa, okubeka engcupheni ubuqotho bendawo.
Eqinisweni, lapho ifektri idilizwa ngaphandle kwemibhalo, okulahlekile akusikho isakhiwo kuphela, kodwa futhi “nedatha” mayelana nendlela yokuphila nomsebenzi ngaleso sikhathi.
Ukusetshenziswa kabusha okuguquguqukayo: ukubuyisela ifa lezimboni ekuphileni
Enye indlela ethandwa kakhulu ukusebenzisa kabusha ngendlela evumelana nezimo—ukuguqula izakhiwo zezimboni ezindala zibe ukusetshenziswa okusha ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ubuntu bazo obubalulekile. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi izimboni eziguqulwe zaba iminyuziyamu, izindawo zokudala, imitapo yolwazi, izimakethe, noma izikhungo zomphakathi. Izinzuzo zale ndlela zimbili: ukulondolozwa komlando kuyatholakala, kuyilapho isakhiwo sithola inani elisha lezomnotho.
Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kabusha okuvumelana nezimo kudinga ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela. Okungcono kakhulu, izinguquko zigcina izinto ezibalulekile: isakhiwo esiyinhloko, imizila yokujikeleza, imishini ethile noma amaphaneli okulawula, kanye nezindaba ezichazayo ezifana namabhodi olwazi noma izinkambo zemfundo. Ngale ndlela, izivakashi azigcini nje ngokujabulela indawo kodwa futhi ziyaqonda indaba engemuva kwayo.
Ukuvubukulwa kwezimboni kanye nekusasa
Enkathini yobuchwepheshe obusheshayo, “izinsalela” zingavela ngokushesha kunalokho esikulindele. Amakhompyutha okuqala, amadivayisi okuxhumana nge-analog, izimboni ze-elekthronikhi, ngisho nengqalasizinda ye-inthanethi kanye nezikhungo zedatha ngolunye usuku kungaba yizinto zokufunda. Ukuvubukulwa kwezimboni kusikhumbuza ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bungaphezu nje kokusungula izinto ezintsha—bushiya ngemuva imikhondo yezinto ezibonakalayo ezithinta abantu , isikhala, kanye nomhlaba wemvelo.
Ukufunda ifa lobuchwepheshe ngokusebenzisa isayensi yezinto zakudala zezimboni kusho ukufunda umlando wanamuhla ngokuphelele: hhayi nje ngezindaba ezisemthethweni, kodwa futhi nangemishini egugile, iphansi lokukhiqiza elinomonakalo, kanye nezindawo eziguqulwe yizidingo zamandla nokukhiqiza. Ukusuka lapho, singaqonda ukuthi imiphakathi yakha kanjani intuthuko, yayikhokha kanjani, futhi yadlulisela izifundo ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
Uma iphathwa kahle, ifa lezimboni aliyona umthwalo wesikhathi esidlule, kodwa liwumthombo wolwazi, ubuwena kanye nogqozi—ukuthi ngemuva kwayo yonke itshimini, isitimela kanye ne-cog, kukhona indaba yomuntu efanele ukukhunjulwa.
