Dzidziso yeClassical: Kunzwisisa Nheyo dzeMafungiro eChinyakare eEconomics
Pendauluan
Dzidziso yezvehupfumi yekare inoreva pfungwa nemisimboti yakagadzirwa nenyanzvi dzezvehupfumi mukupera kwezana remakore rechi18 nekutanga kwezana remakore rechi19. Dzidziso iyi inoonekwa sehwaro hwakakosha hwekuumbwa kwehupfumi hwemazuva ano uye inosimbisa pfungwa dzakawanda dzakakosha dzichiri kushanda nanhasi. Chinyorwa chino chinangwa chekuongorora zvakadzama dzidziso yekare, zvinhu zvakakosha zvinobatsira, uye kukosha kwayo nhasi.
Kwakatangira Dzidziso Yekare
Dzidziso yekare ine midzi yayo muEuropean Enlightenment, nguva iyo pfungwa dzine musoro nesainzi dzakatanga kutonga zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekunzwisisa kwevanhu, kusanganisira hupfumi. Rimwe remabasa akakosha, anowanzoonekwa sekwakabva dzidziso yekare yehupfumi, ibasa raAdam Smith ra1776, "The Wealth of Nations." Mubasa rake, Smith akatsanangura pfungwa dzakadai semisika yakasununguka, kushanda zvakanaka, uye kugoverwa kwevashandi.
Vatambi Vakuru
Kunze kwaAdam Smith, vamwe vanhu vakakosha vakabatsira mukuvandudzwa kwedzidziso yekare. Vamwe vavo vanosanganisira:
1. David Ricardo: Ricardo anozivikanwa nedzidziso yake yekuenzanisa mukana wekutengesa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana uye tsika yekutengeserana kwakasununguka. Akataura kuti nyika dzinofanira kunyanya kugadzira zvinhu zvadzinogona kugadzira zvinobudirira kupfuura dzimwe nyika. Dzidziso iyi inoramba iri hwaro hwakakosha mukuongorora kutengeserana kwenyika dzese.
2. Thomas Malthus: Malthus anozivikanwa nedzidziso yake yekuti kukura kwevanhu kunopfuura kubereka kwezvirimwa, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kushomeka nehurombo. Pfungwa iyi inozivikanwa semusungo weMalthusian uye yakachinja maitiro ehuwandu hwevanhu munyika dzakasiyana-siyana.
3. John Stuart Mill: Mill akagadzira dzidziso yekushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana muhupfumi hwekare uye akapa rumwe ruzivo nezvehukama huripo pakati pekugadzirwa, kugoverwa, uye kushandiswa kwezvinhu.
Nheyo Dzekutanga
Dzidziso yekare yakavakirwa pamisimboti yakati wandei inokosha, inosanganisira:
– Musika Wakasununguka: Dzidziso yekare inosimbisa zvikuru musika wakasununguka apo mitengo yezvinhu nemasevhisi inosarudzwa nekuwanikwa uye kudiwa pasina kupindira kwehurumende. Nyanzvi dzezvehupfumi dzekare dzaitenda kuti misika ine simba rekuzvidzora kuburikidza nechavakadana kuti "ruoko rusingaonekwe."
– Mutemo waSay: Jean-Baptiste Say akati “kugovera zvinhu kunogadzira kudiwa kwazvo.” Izvi zvinoreva kuti kugadzira zvinhu kuchaita kuti pave nemari yakakwana yekutenga zvinhu izvozvo, zvichibvisa mukana wekuti pave nedambudziko renguva refu rekugadzirwa zvakanyanya.
– Chikamu cheVashandi: Adam Smith akatanga pfungwa yekupatsanurana kwevashandi senzira yekuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka uye kubereka. Chikamu ichi chevashandi chinobvumira hunyanzvi, izvo zvinowedzerawo kugona.
Kutsoropodzwa kwedzidziso dzekare
Kunyangwe dzidziso dzechinyakare dzave hwaro hwekuvandudzwa kwehupfumi, hadzina kudzivirirwa nekutsoropodzwa. Imwe yedzidziso dzakakosha dzakabva kunyanzvi dzekare nedzechiKeynes. Semuenzaniso, John Maynard Keynes akaramba pfungwa yekuti misika inogona kugara ichizvienzanisa. Sekureva kwaKeynes, kupindira kwehurumende dzimwe nguva kunodiwa kugadzirisa kusawirirana kwakadai sekushaikwa kwemabasa uye kudzikira kwehupfumi. Keynesism inosimbisa kukosha kwekudiwa kwehuwandu mukuona huwandu hwemabasa ehupfumi.
Dzidziso yekare inoonekwawo seyakareruka mukunzwisisa kwayo mamiriro ehupfumi. Semuenzaniso, fungidziro yekuti vanhu vese vanoita zvine musoro uye vane ruzivo rwakakwana yakatsoropodzwa nekuda kwekusaratidza chokwadi nguva dzose. Muchokwadi, zvinhu zvakawanda zvepfungwa nemagariro zvinopesvedzera sarudzo dzehupfumi dzemunhu.
Kukosha kweDzidziso dzekare nhasi
Pasinei nekutsoropodzwa kwakasiyana-siyana, pfungwa dzakawanda kubva mudzidziso yekare dzichiri kushanda mukuongorora kwehupfumi hwemazuva ano. Nheyo dzakadai semisika yakasununguka uye mukana wekuenzanisa zvinoramba zviri zvakakosha pakuumbwa kwemitemo yehupfumi munyika dzakawanda. Kushandiswa kwekutengeserana munguva yedhijitari nekubuda kwemari yedhijitari, semuenzaniso, kuchiri kushandisa dzimwe dzenheyo dzekutanga dzekukosha nekutsinhana dzakatsigirwa nevakatanga dzidziso yekare.
Uyezve, pfungwa yekugovaniswa kwevashandi ichiri kushandiswa mumaitiro emazuva ano ekugadzira, nemakambani makuru achiwanzogovanisa mashandiro avo kuita mabasa chaiwo kuti vawedzere kushanda zvakanaka. Munguva yekudyidzana kwenyika, dzidziso yekutengeserana kwenyika dzese, inobva mukufunga kwechinyakare, inoramba iriyo musimboti wekuongorora hupfumi hwenyika dzakawanda.
Dzidziso yekare inopawo hwaro hwemamodeli mazhinji ehupfumi emazuva ano, uye pfungwa dzayo huru dzinobatsira kugadzira hurongwa hwekufunga nezvekushanda kwehupfumi. Kunyangwe nyika yachinja zvikuru kubva panguva yaAdam Smith, misimboti mikuru yedzidziso yekare inoramba iri chikamu chakakosha chekudzidza nekushandisa hupfumi.
Mhedziso
Dzidziso yezvehupfumi yekare inopa nzwisiso huru inoumba hwaro hwepfungwa dzezvehupfumi dzemazuva ano. Kubva pamisimboti yemisika yakasununguka kusvika papfungwa yekugovaniswa kwemabasa, mazhinji emazano aya achiri nepesvedzero nhasi. Zvisinei, zvakakosha kuziva zvisingakwanisike uye kuwedzera kunzwisisa kwedu nedzidziso dzichazotevera. Izvi zvinotibvumira kuvaka hurongwa hwakakwana hwekuongorora kuti tinzwisise kuoma kwehupfumi hwepasi rose hwanhasi. Dzidziso yekare, kunyangwe yave nemakore anopfuura mazana maviri, inoramba iri mbiru yakakosha yekudzidza hupfumi.
