Muenzaniso weMibvunzo yeKukurukurirana pamusoro pedzidziso yekare (dzidziso yekurenda minda)
Pendauluan
Dzidziso yezvehupfumi yekare inonyanya kudzorwa nepfungwa dzakakurumbira dzenyanzvi dzezvehupfumi dzakadai saAdam Smith, David Ricardo, naThomas Malthus. Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvakapihwa naDavid Ricardo yaive dzidziso yake yekurenda ivhu. Ricardo akatanga pfungwa yekurenda ivhu mubhuku rake, "On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation," rakatanga kuburitswa muna 1817. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura dzidziso yaRicardo yekurenda ivhu uye kuongorora mimwe mienzaniso yezvinetso kuti tinzwisise pfungwa iyi.
Dzidziso yaDavid Ricardo yeKurenda Nyika
Ricardo akataura kuti rendi yevhu yaive muripo kune varidzi vevhu nekuda kwekusiyana kwembeu yevhu uye nzvimbo yakanaka yevhu ravo. Akati rendi yevhu yakabva mukusiyana kwekubereka kana nzvimbo, kwete kubva mukudyara kwakaitwa nevaridzi. Mudzidziso iyi, ivhu rakakamurwa kuita mapoka matatu zvichienderana nekubereka kwaro: ivhu rakaorera zvakanyanya, ivhu risina kuorera zvakanyanya, uye ivhu risina kuorera zvakanyanya iro raigona kushandiswa nehupfumi.
Pfungwa huru mudzidziso yaRicardo yekurenda ivhu ndeye "rendi yakasiyana," iyo inotsanangura musiyano wekubudirira pakati pevhu rakaorera nevhu rakaorera zvishoma. Sekureva kwaRicardo, rendi inobva mukukwikwidzana kwevhu rakaorera, izvo zvinokurudzira vanorenda kuti vabhadhare zvakawanda. Sezvo kudiwa kwezvinhu kuchikwira, ivhu rakaorera richatanga kushandiswa kusvika goho diki revhu iroro raderera kusvika padanho rekuti ribvumidze kushandiswa kwevhu rakaorera zvishoma.
Zvinorehwa nedzidziso yeRendi yeNyika muEconomics
Dzidziso yaRicardo yekurenda ivhu ine zvazvinoreva zvakakosha:
1. Kugoverwa Kwemari Inowanikwa: Sekureva kwaRicardo, mari inowanikwa kubva mukurenda kwevhu inowedzera nekuwedzera kwevanhu uye kudiwa kwechikafu zvinokurudzira kushandiswa kwevhu risina kuorera zvakanyanya.
2. Mutengo weNyika: Mitengo yevhu inotsamirwa nehunhu nenzvimbo yevhu maererano nekudiwa kwezvirimwa zvekurima munharaunda.
3. Kushandiswa Kwevhu: Sarudzo maererano nekushandiswa kwevhu dzinokanganiswa zvakanyanya nekubereka kwevhu nenzvimbo yaro pamwe nemitengo inokonzereswa nemakwikwi ari pamusika.
Mibvunzo yemuenzaniso nekukurukurirana
Kuti tinzwisise dzidziso yerendi yevhu, heino mimwe mienzaniso yemibvunzo nehurukuro dzayo:
1. Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 1:
Kune minda mitatu, A, B, naC. Nyika A inogona kubereka masaga zana egorosi pahekita, nyika B inobereka masaga makumi masere pahekita, uye nyika C inobereka masaga makumi matanhatu pahekita. Kana mutengo wegorosi pamusika uri 2 rupiah pasaga, rendi yemunda wemunda wega wega inorevei?
Kukurukurirana:
– Nyika A: Sezvo ivhu A riri iro rakaorera zvakanyanya, rendi yevhu rayo haina kuorera. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti rendi inoverengerwa zvichibva pagoho rakawandisa rinowanikwa zvichienzaniswa nevhu rakaorera zvishoma rinoshandiswa.
– Munda B: Munda B unobereka masaga makumi masere anokosha 160 rupiah (80 x 2). Panguva imwe chete, Munda C unobereka masaga makumi matanhatu anokosha 120 rupiah. Saka, rendi yeMunda B ndiyo musiyano, inova 40 rupiah.
– Ivhu C: Ivhu C ndiro risina kuorera zvakanyanya muchiitiko ichi richiri kushandiswa, saka hapana ivhu rine kuorera kwakaderera. Saka rendi yevhu C haina kuorera.
2. Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 2:
Ngatitii kudiwa kwegorosi kwawedzera zvekuti munda weD waisakodzera kushandiswa zvino uye unogona kugadzira masaga makumi mana egorosi pahekita. Kuchinja uku kuchakanganisa sei rendi yevhu pamapuratifomu A, B, neC nemutengo wegorosi uchisara pa2 rupiah pabhegi?
Kukurukurirana:
– Nyika A: Kare, rendi yemunda A ndiyo yaive musiyano pakati pegoho nemunda C, ikozvino ndiyo musiyano nemunda D. Saka, rendi yemunda A inova (100 - 40) x 2 = 120 rupiah.
– Nyika B: Zvakafanana nepfungwa iri pamusoro apa, rendi yenzvimbo B ndeye (80 - 40) x 2 = 80 rupiah.
– Munda C: Rendi yemunda C inochinjawo, ikava (60 - 40) x 2 = 40 rupiah.
3. Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 3:
Dunhu rine mhando mbiri dzevhu: rakaorera nerisina goho. Nyika yakaorera inogona kubereka matani makumi mashanu emupunga pahekita, nepo nyika isina goho inogona kubereka matani makumi matatu emupunga pahekita. Kana mupunga ukatengwa nemutengo we1.000 rupiah patani uye ivhu rose rakaorera rakashandiswa, chii chinobatsira pakushandisa ivhu risina goho? Mari yekubhadhara kubva kuivhu rakaorera inorevei?
Kukurukurirana:
– Purofiti Yepasi Yevhu Risina Kubereka: Sezvo varimi vachishandisa ivhu risina kubereka chete mushure mekunge ivhu rose rakaorera rapera, purofiti shoma inobva muvhu risina kubereka ndiyo kukosha kwese kwekurima ivhu, inova matani makumi matatu x 1.000 rupiah = 30.000 rupiah pahekita.
– Rendi yevhu rakaorera: Rendi yevhu rakaorera inoverengerwa zvichienderana nemusiyano wegoho kana tichienzanisa nevhu risina goho. Nokudaro, rendi yevhu rakaorera i (matani makumi mashanu - matani makumi matatu) x 1.000 rupiah = 20.000 rupiah pahekita.
Mhedziso
Kuburikidza nemienzaniso yakapihwa, tinogona kunzwisisa kuti rendi yevhu inoshanda sei mukati mehurongwa hwedzidziso yekare yakagadzirwa naDavid Ricardo. Kusiyana kwekubereka kwevhu nenzvimbo kunotungamira mukusiyana kwemitengo yerendi, iyo iri chinhu chakakosha mukugoverwa kwezviwanikwa, kuita sarudzo dzekurima, uye kugoverwa kwemari munharaunda. Nekuda kweizvozvo, dzidziso iyi inoramba yakakosha mukuongorora kwehupfumi hwemazuva ano, kunyanya mukurima nekusimudzira ivhu.
