Dzidziso yaIrving Fisher yeKuda Mari
Irving Fisher aive mumwe wenyanzvi dzezvehupfumi dzaive nemukurumbira munguva yake, kunyanya munyaya dzemari uye dzidziso yehuwandu hwemari. Mipiro yake mudzidziso yemari ichiri kuzivikanwa nanhasi, kunyanya kuburikidza nekuvandudza kwake equation of exchange. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura dzidziso yaIrving Fisher yekudiwa kwemari, iyo yakadzika midzi mumuenzaniso wehuwandu hwemari, uye kukosha kwayo muhupfumi hwemazuva ano.
Nhoroondo yeZvehuwandu hweMari
Dzidziso yehuwandu hwemari ipfungwa yekare inobatanidza huwandu hwemari iri kutenderera nedanho remutengo. Chaizvoizvo, dzidziso iyi inotaura kuti shanduko mukuwanikwa kwemari muhupfumi dzichakanganisa zvakananga danho remutengo. Irving Fisher akaenderera mberi nekugadzira modhi yemasvomhu inozivikanwa se equation of exchange.
Exchange Equation
Fisher akagadzira dzidziso yehuwandu hwemari kuburikidza ne equation inotevera:
\[ MV = PT \]
Pano:
– \( M \) ndiyo huwandu hwese hwemari inotenderera muhupfumi,
– \( V \) imhanyo yekumhanya kwemari, kureva kuti mari inochinja-chinja kakawanda sei munguva yakati,
– \( P \) ndiyo mwero wepakati wemutengo,
– \( T \) huwandu hwekutengeserana kuri kuitika muhupfumi.
Nekuenzanisa uku, Fisher akataura kuti chigadzirwa chemari inowanikwa uye kumhanya kwayo kwekutenderera kwakaenzana nechibereko chemutengo wepamusoro uye huwandu hwekutengeserana. Iyi equation inoratidza kuenzana kunoratidza hukama huripo pakati pezvinhu zvemari nezvinoitika zvechokwadi. Fisher akataura kuti kana huwandu hwemari \( M \) hukawedzera, saka tichifunga kuti \( V \) uye \( T \) hazvichinji, mutengo \( P \) unofanira kukwira, zvichiratidza kukwira kwemitengo.
Kudiwa Kwemari Mudzidziso yaFisher
Mukuona kwaFisher, kudiwa kwemari kwakabatana zvikuru nebasa rayo senzira yekutsinhana. Fisher akaona kuti vanhu nemakambani vane mari yekuita kutengeserana kwezuva nezuva. Nokudaro, kudiwa kwemari kunoenderana nehuwandu hwekutengeserana (T) uye kumhanya kwekufamba kwemari (V). Pamasvomhu, kudiwa kwemari kunogona kuratidzwa seizvi:
\[ M_d = \frac{PT}{V} \]
Pano, \(M_d \) ndiko kudiwa kwemari. Fisher akataura kuti muhupfumi hwakagadzikana uye hunoshanda, kumhanya kwemari \(V \) kunoonekwa sekunge kuripo uye kunofungidzirwa. Saka, shanduko mukudiwa kwemari inonyanya kutsanangurwa nekuchinja kwekukosha kwekutengeserana \(T \).
Kutsoropodzwa uye Mafungiro Ekutanga
Kunyange zvazvo modhi iyi ichiratidzika seyakareruka uye ine musoro, kune kushoropodzwa kwakawanda kwefungidziro huru dzedzidziso yaFisher. Imwe yekushoropodzwa kukuru ndeyekufungidzira kuti kumhanya kwemari \(V \) hakuchinji. Muchokwadi, \(V \) inogona kuchinja nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, mutemo wemari, uye shanduko muzvido zvevanhu pakushandisa mari kana chikwereti.
Uyezve, dzidziso iyi inofuratira basa remari sedura rezvinhu zvinokosha uye chiyero chepfuma. Muhupfumi hwemazuva ano, vanhu vanochengetawo mari senzira yekudyara kana inishuwarenzi yekusagadzikana kwehupfumi. Nokudaro, kudiwa kwemari hakungonei nebasa rayo rekutengeserana chete asiwo nemabasa ayo ekufungidzira uye ekudzivirira.
Kukosha Kwemamiriro Ehupfumi Emazuva Ano
Pasinei nekutsoropodzwa kwekureruka kwefungidziro dzayo, dzidziso yaIrving Fisher yekudiwa kwemari ichiri kukosha mune zvehupfumi zvemazuva ano, kunyanya senzvimbo yekutanga yekunzwisisa hukama huripo pakati pemari nemitengo. Dzidziso zhinji dzemazuva ano dzemari, kusanganisira dzidziso yeKeynesian ne monetarism, dzakagadzira pfungwa dzakabva mumuenzaniso wekutanga waFisher.
Munyika iri kuramba ichibatana pasi rose uye iri kuramba ichioma kunzwisisa, kumhanya kwemari (V) kunogona kukanganiswa nezvinhu zvakawanda, kusanganisira hunyanzvi hwetekinoroji muhurongwa hwekubhadhara nedhijitari, mitemo yemitero, uye mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika nemagariro evanhu. Zvisinei, hwaro hwepfungwa dzaFisher hunoramba huchibatsira mukuongorora kuwanikwa uye kudiwa kwemari uye mutemo wemari.
Mhedziso
Dzidziso yaIrving Fisher yekudiwa kwemari, yakagadzirwa kuburikidza nekuenzanisa kwekutsinhana, inopa hwaro hwedzidziso dzakawanda dzezvehupfumi hwemari. Kunzwisisa kuti zvinhu zvakaita semari inowanikwa, mitengo, huwandu hwekutengeserana, uye kumhanya kwemari zvinobatana sei zvinopa ruzivo rwakakosha muhupfumi hwenyika uye mutemo wehurumende.
Kunyangwe dzidziso iyi iri nyore uye ichida kugadziriswa kukuru kuti ienderane nematambudziko ehupfumi hwemazuva ano, misimboti yaFisher inoshanda sechishandiso chinobatsira chekuongorora. Nekunzwisisa izvi zvakakosha, nyanzvi dzezvehupfumi nevanogadzira mitemo vanogona kutarisana nematambudziko ehupfumi zvinobudirira uye kugadzira mitemo inobatsira kudzora kuwanikwa kwemari uye kuchengetedza kugadzikana kwehupfumi.
Nezvidzidzo zvakadzidzwa kubva mudzidziso yaFisher, vagadziri vemitemo vane maturusi ari nani ekunzwisisa kuti zviito zvavo zvinogona sei kukanganisa kukwira kwemitengo, kukura kwehupfumi, uye kugadzikana kwemari. Izvi zvinoita kuti nhaka yaFisher irambe yakakosha uye yakakosha muhurukuro dzemazuva ano dzedzidziso yekuwanikwa uye kudiwa kwemari.
