RNA: Kunzwisisa Molekyuli Inokosha yeHupenyu
Ribonucleic acid, kana kuti RNA, ndeimwe yemamorekuru akakosha muhupenyu hwese. Kunyangwe isinganyanyo kuzivikanwa seDNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA ine basa rakakosha zvakaenzana muhupenyu. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora chimiro, mashandiro, uye kukosha kweRNA mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana ehupenyu.
Maumbirwo eRNA
RNA ipolynucleotide, zvichireva kuti inoumbwa nemanucleotide akawanda akasiyana. Nucleotide yega yega iri muRNA ine zvikamu zvikuru zvitatu: base ine nitrogen, ribose sugar, uye phosphate group. Mabase mana makuru ane nitrogen anowanikwa muRNA ndeadenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C), uye guanine (G). Kusiyana neDNA, iyo inoshandisa thymine (T) seimwe yebases dzayo, RNA inoshandisa uracil.
RNA inowanzoonekwa setambo imwe chete, kunyange zvazvo ichigona kupetwa kuita maumbirwo akasiyana-siyana akaomarara ane mativi matatu ane simba rekushanda. Kuchinjika uku kwechimiro cheRNA kwakakosha kana tichienzanisa neDNA, ine chimiro chakasimba che double helix.
Mhando dzeRNA uye Mabasa Adzo
Kune mhando dzakasiyana dzeRNA, imwe neimwe ine basa rayo musero. Heano mamwe emhando huru dzeRNA dzinowanikwa mumasero:
1. mRNA (messenger RNA): mRNA inoshanda semutumwa wemajini kubva kuDNA kuenda kuma ribosome, uko kunoitika kugadzirwa kwemapuroteni. Panguva yekunyorwa, chikamu cheDNA chinonyora jini chinoshandurwa kuita mRNA. Kana chakura, mRNA inofamba kubva kunucleus kuenda kuma ribosome, uko ruzivo rwuri mairi runoshandurwa kuita amino acid sequences, zvichigadzira polypeptides kana mapuroteni.
2. rRNA (ribosomal RNA): Iyi RNA chikamu chikuru chema ribosome, maumbirwo emasero uko kunoitika kugadzirwa kwemapuroteni. rRNA inoumba scaffolding yekutanga yema ribosome uye inoita kuti basa rayo rive nyore mukubatanidza maamino acids zvichibva pane nucleotide sequence inopiwa ne mRNA.
3. tRNA (transfer RNA): tRNA imorekuru inotakura maamino acids chaiwo kuenda ku ribosome zvichienderana ne codon sequence iri mu mRNA. TRNA yega yega ine anticodon inoenderana chaizvo ne codon iri mu mRNA, zvichiita kuti maamino acids awedzerwe nenzira chaiyo panguva yekushandura.
4. snRNA (RNA diki yenyukireya): Iyi iRNA diki ine basa mukugadzirisa mRNA (splicing) munucleus. snRNA ine basa rekubvisa ma intron kubva ku pre-mRNA uye kubatanidza ma exons pamwe chete.
5. miRNA (microRNA) uye siRNA (RNA diki inopindira): Mhando dzese dzeRNA dzinobatanidzwa mukudzora kutaurwa kwemajini. miRNA inogona kudzvinyirira kutaurwa kwemajini nenzira yakafanana nemRNA, nepo siRNA inowanzoita basa rekuchengetedza kugadzikana kwemajini nekunyaradza transposon elements.
RNA uye Kudzora Majini
Rimwe remabasa anonyanya kufadza eRNA kugona kwayo kuchinja maitiro emajini. Mutemo uyu unogona kuitika pamatanho akasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira kunyorwa kwemashoko, kunyorwa kwemashoko mushure mekunyora, uye kushandurwa kwemashoko. RNA inogona kushanda senzira yekukonzera kana kudzivirira kutaura kwemajini mukupindura zviratidzo zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvakatipoteredza uye kukura kwemuviri.
Pakufunga nezveRNA senzira inodzora majini, miRNA ne siRNA mienzaniso miviri yakakosha. MiRNA, semuenzaniso, inoshanda nekudzvinyirira kushandurwa kwema mRNA avanoda kana kukurudzira kuora kwawo. Saka, miRNA dzinogona kudzora kugadzirwa kwemajini nekukurumidza uye zvinobudirira, dzichipindura shanduko dzezvakatipoteredza kana zviratidzo zvehupenyu.
RNA muBiotechnology neMishonga
Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, basa reRNA mu biotechnology nemushonga rakaona kufambira mberi nekukurumidza. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa ndechekugadzirwa kwemishonga yekudzivirira mRNA. Mishonga yekudzivirira mRNA, senge inoshandiswa mune mamwe mishonga yekudzivirira COVID-19, inoshanda nekuunza mRNA sequence iyo inoronga antigen chaiyo yehutachiona, senge spike protein yeSARS-CoV-2 virus. Muviri unoshandisa iyi sequence kugadzira antigen uye kutanga mhinduro yekudzivirira muviri, zvichigadzira immune system kurwisa hutachiona hwemangwana.
Pamusoro pemishonga yekudzivirira, matekinoroji akavakirwa paRNA, akadai sekurapa majini e-siRNA uye kurapwa ne antisense oligonucleotide, anopa nzira itsva dzekurapa zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvemajini nezvisingaperi. Nekugona kunanga nekugadzirisa matauriro emajini, kurapa kweRNA kunopa nzira yakagadziriswa uye yakasarudzika yekurapa.
Remangwana reKutsvagurudza kweRNA
Nekuwanikwa uye kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji yeRNA sequencing uye manipulation, ramangwana rekutsvagisa kwakavakirwa paRNA rakajeka. Nzvimbo dziri kukura nekukurumidza dzekutsvagisa dzinosanganisira kugadzirisa RNA, izvo zvinoita kuti RNA sequences ichinjwe pasina kugadzirisa genomic DNA, zvichipa mikana mitsva mukurapa majini.
Pamusoro pezvo, basa reRNA mukudzora epigenetic, kudyidzana pakati peRNA, uye mupiro wavo mukusiyana kwemajini nekushanduka-shanduka ndedzimwe dzenzvimbo dziri kuongororwa parizvino uye dzinogona kushandura kunzwisisa kwedu maitiro akaomarara ebhayoloji.
Mhedziso
RNA imorekuru inoshamisa mubiology, ine mabasa akawanda anowedzera kupfuura basa rayo semutumwa wemajini. Kubva pakuumbwa kwayo kusvika pakushanda kwayo uye mashandisirwo ayo musainzi nemushonga, RNA inoramba ichiratidza kukosha kwayo mukunzwisisa nekutsigira hutano hwevanhu uye kuongorora biology yemamorekuru zvakazara.
Kunyange hazvo zvichidikanwa kutsvakurudza kwakawanda kuti tinzwisise zvizere mashandisirwo eRNA mune ramangwana, chimwe chinhu chine chokwadi: RNA ndeimwe yenyaya dzinobatanidza maitiro akawanda ehupenyu anotsigira hupenyu sezvatinozviziva.
