Mibvunzo yemuenzaniso wemafungu echiedza: Kunzwisisa pfungwa iyi nekushandiswa kwayo
Mafungu echiedza chinhu chinoonekwa chine basa guru muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana esainzi. Kubva pakutaurirana kwemaziso kusvika pakuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji yelaser, kunzwisisa mafungu echiedza kwakakosha. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura pfungwa huru yemafungu echiedza uye kupa mienzaniso yezvinetso kuti tinzwisise nyaya iyi zvakanyanya.
Pfungwa Yekutanga yeMafungu eChiedza
Mafungu echiedza rudzi rwemafungu emagetsi anogona kupararira pasina kushandisa nzira. Kusiyana nemafungu eruzha, ayo anoda kuti mhepo ipararire, mafungu echiedza anogona kufamba nemumhepo isina chinhu. Kumhanya kwechiedza mumhepo isina chinhu hakuchinji, anenge mamita 299.792.458 pasekondi, kana anenge makiromita 300.000 pasekondi.
Mafungu echiedza ane hunhu hwakasiyana, hunosanganisira kufungisisa, kupenya, kupenya, uye kupindira.
1. Kufungisisa: Kana chiedza charova pamusoro wobva wadzokorora kumashure.
2. Kuchinja kwechiedza: Kuchinja kwechiedza pachapfuura nemuganho wezvinhu zviviri zvakasiyana.
3. Kupararira kwemafungu: Kupararira kwemafungu kana achipfuura nemukana wakamanikana.
4. Kupindira: Kusanganiswa kwemafungu maviri echiedza anogona kugadzira mapatani anovaka kana anoparadza.
Kukurukurirana nezveMafungu eChiedza
Kuti tishandise pfungwa idzi, ngatitarisei mimwe mienzaniso yezvinetso:
Mubvunzo 1: Kuratidzwa kweChiedza
Mubvunzo: Mwenje wechiedza unorova girazi rakati sandara pakona ye30 degrees. Kona yekuratidzira kwechiedza chii?
Kukurukurirana: Zvichibva pamutemo wekufungisisa, kona yechiitiko yakaenzana nekona yekufungisisa. Saka, kana kona yechiitiko iri madhigirii makumi matatu, ipapo kona yekufungisisa zvakare madhigirii makumi matatu.
Mhinduro: Angle yekufungisisa = 30 degrees.
Mubvunzo 2: Kupatsanurwa kwechiedza
Mubvunzo: Chiedza chinopfuura kubva mumhepo (refractive index n1 = 1) chichipinda mumvura (refractive index n2 = 1,33) pakona yechiitiko che 45 degrees. Ndeipi kona ye refraction?
Kukurukurirana: Shandisa mutemo waSnell unotaurwa nefomura:
n1 chivi(θ1) = n2 chivi(θ2)
Kana n1 = 1, θ1 = 45 degrees, n2 = 1,33. Zvadaro:
chivi(θ2) = (n1 chivi(θ1)) / n2
= chivi(45°) / 1,33
= 0,707/1,33
â ‰ ˆ 0,531
Kuti tiwane θ2, tinoshandisa sine iri padivi:
θ2 = arcsin(0,531) ≈ 32,1 madhigirii.
Mhinduro: Angle ye refraction ≈ 32,1 degrees.
Mubvunzo 3: Kupindirana kwechiedza
Mubvunzo: Mukuyedza kwaYoung kwe double-slit, mirazvo miviri yakabatana ye 600 nm wavelength inogadzira patani yekupindira pachidzitiro. Kana daro riri pakati pe slits mbiri iri 0,1 mm uye daro re chidzitiro riri mamita maviri, sarudza daro riri pakati pe mabhandi maviri akajeka ari pedyo.
Kukurukurirana: Daro riri pakati pemwaranzi miviri yakajeka (mipendero) muchimiro chekupindirana rinopiwa ne equation:
Δy = (λ L) / d
Apo λ iri kureba kwewavelength (600 nm = 600 x 10^-9 m), L iri kure nechidzitiro (2 m), uye d iri kure pakati pemipata (0,1 mm = 0,1 x 10^-3 m).
Δy = (600 x 10^-9 m 2 m) / (0,1 x 10^-3 m)
= (1200 x 10^-9 m) / (0,1 x 10^-3 m)
= 0,012 XNUMX m
= 12 mm.
Mhinduro: Chinhambwe chiri pakati pemabhandi maviri akajeka i ≈ 12 mm.
Mubvunzo 4: Kupatsanurwa kwechiedza
Mubvunzo: Chiedza chine urefu hwemafungu e500 nm chinopfuura nemumupata wakamanikana une upamhi hwe0,02 mm. Sarudza kona ye diffraction yekutanga!
Kukurukurirana: Pakutsemuka kamwe chete, kona yekudiffraction ye order m inoratidzwa ne equation:
a chivi(θ) = m λ
Pakuronga kwekutanga (m=1), tinotsiva:
0,02 x 10^-3 m chivi(θ) = 1 500 x 10^-9 m
chivi(θ) = (500 x 10^-9 m) / (0,02 x 10^-3 m)
= 0,025
θ = arcsin(0,025) ≈ 1,43 madhigirii.
Mhinduro: Kona ye diffraction yekutanga ≈ 1,43 degrees.
Mhedziso
Kunzwisisa nheyo huru dzemafungu echiedza uye kuashandisa kumatambudziko kunogona kubatsira kuwedzera ruzivo rwedu nezvechiitiko ichi. Mafungu echiedza haasi chete hwaro hwezviitiko zvakawanda zvechisikigo asiwo hwaro hwekuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji yemazuva ano yakadai sekutaurirana kwefiber-optic uye lasers. Nekudzidzira kugadzirisa matambudziko akaita seari pamusoro apa, zvinotarisirwa kuti vaverengi vachanzwisisa zviri nani uye vachashandisa pfungwa yemafungu echiedza mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo.
Kunzwisisa hunhu hwemafungu echiedza kwakakosha kwete chete kune vadzidzi vefizikisi asiwo kune vesainzi nemainjiniya vari kutsvaga kushandisa chiedza muhunyanzvi hwetekinoroji nemaindasitiri. Patinonyanya kunzwisisa uye kugona zvinhu izvi, tinowedzera kugona kugadzira mhinduro itsva dzinobatsira hupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji.
