Chiedza-Emitting Diode (LED)
Ma LED anoburitsa chiedza (LEDs) ndeimwe yenzira dzakakosha uye dzine simba muhunyanzvi hwemazuva ano hwemwenje. Ma LED anomiririra musanganiswa wakakwana wekushandisa simba zvakanaka, simba, kugara kwenguva refu, uye kuchinjika, zvichiita kuti ave sarudzo inotungamira mumhando dzakasiyana dzemashandisirwo, kubva kumidziyo yemagetsi kusvika kumwenje wemazuva ese. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura nhoroondo, misimboti yekushanda, mashandisirwo, uye zvakanakira tekinoroji ye LED.
Nhoroondo Pfupi ye LEDs
Ma LED akatanga kugadzirwa pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. Muna 1907, musayendisiti wekuBritain H.J. Round akawana kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kuburitsa chiedza kana magetsi akapinda nepakati pawo. Kuwanikwa uku kwakaisa hwaro hwekuvandudzwa kwema LED mune ramangwana, kunyange zvazvo panguva iyoyo aingokwanisa kugadzira chiedza chisina kusimba uye asina mashandisirwo anoshanda.
Muna 1962, Nick Holonyak Jr., muongorori weGeneral Electric, akabudirira kugadzira LED yekutanga yakaburitsa mwenje mutsvuku. Kuwanikwa uku kwakaratidza chiitiko chakakosha munhoroondo yemwenje uye kwakagadzira nzira yekuvandudzwa kwema LED mune mamwe mavara gare gare. Mukupera kwema1960 nekutanga kwema1970, ma LED akatanga kugadzirwa mukutengeserana kwezviratidzo zvemagetsi nezviratidzo.
Kugadzirwa kwemaLED eRGB (tsvuku, girini, bhuruu) mukupera kwema1990 kwakaita kuti zvikwanisike kugadzira mavara akasiyana-siyana echiedza nekungosanganisa aya maLED matatu. Muma2000, maLED machena anoshanda zvakanaka uye akajeka akatanga kuwanikwa, zvichivhura mikana mitsva muchiedza chese.
Nheyo yekushanda ye LED
LED imuchina we semiconductor unoburitsa chiedza kana magetsi achifamba nepakati payo. Maitiro aya anonzi electroluminescence. Chimiro chikuru che LED chine zvikamu zviviri zvezvinhu zve semiconductor: p-type (positive) layer uye n-type (negative). Kana zvikamu zviviri izvi zvabatanidzwa, zvinoumba p-n junction.
Kana voltage ikaiswa pa LED, maerekitironi anobva mu n-type layer nemaburi (pfungwa yepanyama inomiririra maerekitironi asina chinhu) kubva mu p-type layer anopararira pa p-n junction. Kana maerekitironi akasangana nemaburi, simba rinoburitswa muchimiro chema photon (zvimedu zvechiedza), zvichiita kuti LED ibudise chiedza. Ruvara rwechiedza chinogadzirwa runotsanangurwa nezvinhu zvinoshandiswa ne semiconductor.
Zvishandiso zve LED
Ma LED akachinja tekinoroji dzakasiyana-siyana uye maindasitiri nekuda kwekushanda kwavo kwakasiyana-siyana. Heano mamwe emashandisirwo makuru e LED muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva:
1. Mwenje
Mwenje ndeimwe yenzira dzinonyanya kushandiswa nema LED mazuva ano. Ma LED anoshandiswa mumwenje yemumba, mwenje yemumugwagwa, mwenje yezvivakwa, uye mwenje yemubindu. Kana tichienzanisa nemwenje ye incandescent ne fluorescent, ma LED anoshandisa simba shoma, anogara kwenguva refu, uye ane hushamwari kune zvakatipoteredza nekuti haana mercury.
2. Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvevatengi
Ma LED anoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana dzemagetsi evatengi, dzakadai semaTV screens, macomputer monitors, masmartphones, uye matablets. Ma LED anogonesa ma display ane mufananidzo wakanaka, kupenya kwakanyanya, uye simba shoma. Tekinoroji yeOLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) display inobvumira ma display akatetepa uye anochinjika.
3. Zviratidzo uye Kuratidzwa
Kushandiswa kwekutanga kwema LED kwaive sezviratidzo mumidziyo yemagetsi, senge wachi dzedhijitari nemakarukureta. Nanhasi, ma LED achiri sarudzo huru yezviratidzo zvemamiriro ezvinhu mumidziyo yemagetsi yakasiyana-siyana nekuda kwekushandisa simba shoma uye kuona zvakanaka.
4. Mota
Muindasitiri yemotokari, ma LED anoshandiswa mumwenje yemotokari, mwenje yekumashure, ma turn signals, uye mukati memotokari. Ma LED anoshanda zviri nani uye anogara kwenguva refu kupfuura ma incandescent bulbs echinyakare, zvichipa mwenje unokurumidza uye wakajeka, izvo zvakakosha pakuchengetedza mugwagwa.
5. Hutano Nezvokurapa
Ma LED anoshandiswa mumidziyo yekurapa, yakadai semidziyo yekurapa nechiedza, michina yekuvhiya, uye michina yekuongorora. Hunhu hwavo hwekugadzira kupisa kushoma hunoita kuti akwanise kushandiswa mukurapa uko kururama uye kuchengetedzeka zvakakosha.
6. Kurima Zvakamira uye Hydroponics
Bazi rezvekurima rinoshandisawo maLED kupa mwenje wekugadzira kuzvirimwa mukurima kwekunze uye masisitimu ehydroponic. Nekudzora spectrum yemwenje inoburitswa, maLED anobatsira kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka kwephotosynthesis uye kukurumidzisa kukura kwezvirimwa.
Zvakanakira zve LED
Tekinoroji ye LED ine mabhenefiti akawanda anoita kuti ive sarudzo inotungamira mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushandisa. Heano mamwe mabhenefiti makuru e LED:
1. Kushanda Nesimba Zvakanaka
Chimwe chezvakanakira zvikuru zvetekinoroji ye LED ndechekushandisa kwayo simba zvakanaka. Ma LED anoshandura simba remagetsi kuita chiedza nekushanda zvakanaka kwazvo, zvichideredza kutambisa simba muchimiro chekupisa. Marambi e LED anogona kuchengetedza kusvika ku80% pasimba remagetsi zvichienzaniswa nemabarabhu anopenya.
2. Kurarama kwenguva refu
Ma LED anogara kwenguva refu kwazvo, anowanzo svika maawa 20.000 kusvika 50.000, akareba zvakanyanya kupfuura mababu e incandescent (anenge maawa chiuru) uye mababu e fluorescent (anenge maawa 8.000). Kureba uku kunoderedza kudiwa kwekutsiviwa kwemarambi nguva nenguva, izvo zvinobatsira zvikuru mumabhizinesi nemaindasitiri.
3. Kugara kwenguva refu uye Simba
Ma LED haana tambo kana magirazi asina kusimba sema incandescent bulbs, zvichiita kuti arambe achidzivirirwa ne shock kana kudedera. Maumbirwo awo akasimba anoita kuti agare kwenguva refu uye akwanise kutsungirira mamiriro ekunze akaomarara.
4. Kushamwaridzana Nezvakatipoteredza
Ma LED haana mwenje ye mercury yakaita se fluorescent, iyo inogona kukuvadza nharaunda nehutano hwevanhu. Kushanda kwawo nesimba kwakanyanya kunoderedzawo kuburitswa kweCO2, zvichiita kuti ive sarudzo yemwenje wegirini.
5. Dhizaini Inochinjika
Ma LED anochinjika zvakanyanya pakugadzira uye mashandisirwo awo. Anogona kugadzirwa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana uye saizi uye anogona kubatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakaoma kwazvo. Ma LED anogonawo kugadziriswa kuti agadzire mavara akasiyana-siyana pasina kudiwa kwemamwe mafirita.
6. Mwenje Unokurumidza
Ma LED anobatidza ipapo ipapo pasina kunonoka kwekudziya, kusiyana nemamwe marudzi emwenje, akadai semarambi ane mercury uye anochengetedza simba, ayo anoda nguva yakati kuti asvike pakupenya kwakazara. Izvi zvakakosha zvikuru mumashandisirwo anoitwa chiedza chekukurumidza, senge marambi emotokari nemwenje yemotokari.
Matambudziko uye Remangwana re LED
Pasinei nezvakanakira zvakawanda, tekinoroji ye LED inosanganawo nematambudziko akati wandei. Dambudziko guru nderekudzikira kwekushanda zvakanaka kana ma LED achishanda pamagetsi akakwira, chiitiko chinozivikanwa se "droop." Tsvagiridzo nekuvandudzwa kuri kuramba kuchigadzirisa nyaya iyi nekuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka uye mashandiro e LED.
Pamusoro pezvo, mutengo wekutanga wema LED unowanzo kuve wakakwira kupfuura wemwenje yemazuva ano, kunyangwe mutengo uyu uchiramba uchidzikira sezvo tekinoroji ichifambira mberi uye huwandu hwekugadzira huchikwira.
Remangwana rema LED rinotaridzika zvakanaka. Zvinhu zvitsva zvakaita se LED miniaturization, kugadzirwa kwema LED ebhuruu zvakanyanya, ma microLED, uye ma LED e organic (OLED) zviri kuramba zvichipa mikana mitsva yekushandiswa kwakakura uye kwepamberi. Nekugara kwenguva refu uye kushanda zvakanaka kwesimba kuri kutariswa zvakanyanya pasi rose, ma LED anotarisirwa kuramba ari tekinoroji huru mumwenje nemidziyo yemagetsi mune ramangwana rinoonekwa.
Mhedziso
Ma LED anoburitsa chiedza (Light-Emitting Diodes) tekinoroji itsva yakachinja maonero edu nekushandisa chiedza. Kubva pamwenje wepamba kusvika pakushandiswa kwemishonga nemagetsi, ma LED anopa mabhenefiti akasiyana-siyana anosanganisira kushandisa simba zvakanaka, kurarama kwenguva refu, kugara kwenguva refu, kuchinjika kwemagadzirirwo, uye kugara kwenguva refu kwezvakatipoteredza. Pasinei nematambudziko, ramangwana re ma LED rinotaridzika rakajeka, richitungamirirwa nekuvandudzwa kuri kuramba kuchienderera mberi kuchaita kuti tekinoroji iyi ishande zvakanaka munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzehupenyu.
