Musoro: Simone de Beauvoir uye Existentialist Feminism
Simone de Beauvoir, muzivi weFrance, munyori, uye mutsigiri wekodzero dzevakadzi, aive mumwe wevanhu vakakosha zvikuru mukufunga kwekodzero dzevakadzi nedzevanhukadzi muzana remakore rechi20. Akazvarwa muna 1908 muParis, de Beauvoir akava munhu mukuru mubato rekodzero dzevakadzi kuburikidza nebasa rake rakakurumbira, "Le Deuxième Sexe" kana kuti "The Second Sex." Nemaitiro ake ekodzero dzevakadzi, de Beauvoir akapa hwaro hwakasimba hwepfungwa dzekodzero dzevakadzi uye akagadzira nzvimbo yekukurukurirana pamusoro perusununguko, sarudzo, uye kuzivikanwa kwevakadzi nevarume.
Upenyu Hwepakutanga uye Dzidzo
Simone de Beauvoir akakurira mumhuri yepakati nepakati muParis. Baba vake vaive gweta raifarira zvikuru mitambo nemabhuku, ukuwo amai vake vaive muKaturike akasimba. Kunyange zvazvo dzidzo yaDe Beauvoir yekutanga yaikanganiswa zvikuru nenharaunda yehumambo netsika dzekuchengetedza tsika, kuda kwake kuverenga nepfungwa dzakapinza kwakaita kuti abvunze tsika dzechivanhu.
Beauvoir akadzidza zveuzivi kuSorbonne, kwaakasangana nemuzivi wezvehupenyu Jean-Paul Sartre. Vaviri ava vaizova nehukama hwakadzama hwepfungwa nemanzwiro muhupenyu hwavo hwese. Hukama hwavo "hwakavhurika" hwakaratidza kukosha kwerusununguko rwavaiva narwo muhupenyu hwavo nepfungwa dzavo.
Kuvapo Kwezvinhu Uye Rusununguko
Kuvapo kwezvinhu, kwakanyanyiswa zvakanyanya nevanyori vakaita saSøren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche , naMartin Heidegger, kunosimbisa zvikuru kukosha kwerusununguko rwemunhu nemutoro. Sartre na de Beauvoir vakavandudza mafungiro aya nekusimbisa 'kunyatsojeka' kwekuvapo kwevanhu. Slogan yaSartre yakakurumbira, "kuvapo kunotangira chinhu," inoratidza kuti vanhu havaberekwi vaine chinangwa kana chinangwa chakafanorongwa asi vanofanira kugadzira zvavanoreva.
Kuna de Beauvoir, iyi nheyo yekuvapo yakava hwaro hukuru hwekuongorora kwake vakadzi munharaunda. Mu "The Second Sex," akaongorora kuti vakadzi vanoitwa sei "vamwe" netsika dzemadzitateguru, uye kuti izvi zvinoderedza sei rusununguko rwavo. De Beauvoir akataura kuti vakadzi vanowanzobatwa kwete sevanhu vakazvimiririra, asi sezvinhu zvine chekuita nevarume.
"Bonde Rechipiri" uye Kuongorora Varume Nevakadzi
"The Second Sex," yakaburitswa muna 1949, yakakurumidza kuva gwaro rechokwadi mudzidziso yevakadzi. Iongororo yakadzama yenhoroondo, biology, psychology, uye sociology yevakadzi, uye kuti zvinhu izvi zvinopa sei mukana wekuonekwa kwavo sevasina mhosva uye kudzvinyirirwa. De Beauvoir ndiye akagadzira chirevo chakakurumbira chinoti, "Munhu haaberekwi, asi anova mukadzi," zvichireva kuti kuzivikanwa kwemurume nemukadzi hakusi kwechisikigo kana kuti kwemuviri, asi chivakwa chemagariro evanhu.
De Beauvoir anokamura chidzidzo ichi muzvikamu zviviri zvikuru: Chokwadi neNgano, uye Then and Today. Muchikamu chekutanga, anoongorora mabatirwo anoitwa vakadzi muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu: pabonde, mune zvehupfumi, munharaunda, uye mune zvematongerwo enyika. Anotsoropodzawo kuti ngano pamusoro pevakadzi, dzakagadzirwa nenzanga yemadzitateguru, dzinosimbisa sei pfungwa yekuti vakadzi havangoiti chinhu, havana simba, uye vane manzwiro.
Kuna de Beauvoir, rusununguko rwevanhu vanoda kuvapo kwehupenyu hunoda kuti vakadzi vasiye ngano idzi vozviti vane rusununguko rwavo uye vanozvisarudzira. Muchirevo ichi, rusununguko runoreva kuva nekwaniso yekuita sarudzo dzechokwadi uye kusadzvinyirirwa nemabasa akaomarara uye ekudzvinyirira evarume nevakadzi.
Kutsoropodzwa uye Mhedzisiro
Mipiro yaDe Beauvoir mukufunga kwevakadzi haina kutsoropodzwa. Vamwe vanofunga kuti ongororo yake yakatarisana zvakanyanya nemaonero evakadzi vachena vekuEurope uye kusagamuchira zvakakwana zviitiko zvevakadzi vanobva kumarudzi akasiyana, madzinza, uye mapoka akasiyana-siyana evanhu. Nokudaro, kubatanidzwa kwevakadzi kwakazotsoropodza de Beauvoir nekuregeredza kuoma kwehunhu hwevakadzi.
Kunyange zvakadaro, simba raDe Beauvoir pakodzero dzevakadzi nepfungwa dzeuzivi harirambiki. "The Second Sex" rakapa hwaro hwepfungwa dzakabvumira hurukuro dzinoenderera mberi pamusoro pehunhu hwevakadzi, rusununguko, uye hunhu. Zvizvarwa zvakatevera zvevanotsigira kodzero dzevakadzi, kusanganisira mabhero, Judith Butler, naGayatri Spivak, vaiwanzotaura nezvebasa raDe Beauvoir, kunyange zvazvo mune dzimwe nzvimbo vairitsoropodza nekuwedzera.
Jean-Paul Sartre uye Hukama Hune Simba
Hukama hwaDe Beauvoir naSartre hwakabatsira zvikuru pakuvandudzwa kwemazano avo. Vaviri ava vaiwanzoshanda pamwe chete, vachikurukura nekutsoropodza basa remumwe nemumwe. Sartre akanyora "Kuva uye Kusava Nechinhu," iyo yakava hwaro hwehunhu hwemazuva ano, ukuwo de Beauvoir akagadzira pfungwa iyi maererano nenyaya dzepabonde.
Zvisinei, de Beauvoir aisangova muteveri akazvipira waSartre chete. Aiva nemaonero nepfungwa dzakasiyana dzaimusiyanisa naye, kunyanya munyaya dzine chekuita nezvakaitika kuvakadzi uye kuongorora kudzvinyirirwa. Sartre akanyanya kutarisa nyaya dzisinganzwisisike dzerusununguko nekuvapo, ukuwo de Beauvoir akadzishandisa zvakanyanya mumamiriro evakadzi emagariro nezvematongerwo enyika.
Nhaka uye Upenyu Hwapashure
Simone de Beauvoir akaramba achinyora uye achipawo pfungwa dzake muhurukuro dzepfungwa kusvika afa muna 1986. Pamusoro pebhuku rinonzi "The Second Sex," akanyora mamwe mabhuku akawanda, kusanganisira mabhuku ehupenyu hwake akadai se "Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter" uye "The Mandarins," pamwe nemamwe mabhuku euzivi, akadai se "The Ethics of Ambiguity."
Nhaka yaDe Beauvoir inodarika dzidzo yepamusoro-soro kuenda kumasangano emagariro evanhu nezvematongerwo enyika. Masangano mazhinji evanorwira kodzero dzevakadzi nemasangano anoona de Beauvoir semutangamiri akagadzira nzira yekodzero dzevakadzi. Mabhuku ake akashandurirwa mumitauro yakawanda uye achiri kunzi akakosha muzvidzidzo zvevakadzi nepfungwa dzemazuva ano.
Mhedziso
Simone de Beauvoir munhu asingakanganwiki munhoroondo yekodzero dzevakadzi nedzevanhu. Kuburikidza nekuongorora kwake kwakadzama kudzvinyirirwa kwevakadzi uye kusimbisa rusununguko rwemunhu nemutoro, de Beauvoir akagadzira nzira yekunzwisisa kwakaoma uye kwakajeka kwehunhu hwevakadzi nevanhurume nevanhukadzi.
Mafungiro aDe Beauvoir akapikisa tsika dzevanhu netsika, zvikavhura nzvimbo yekukurukurirana ichiripo nanhasi. Nenhaka yake yepfungwa yakapfuma, de Beauvoir haana kungobatsira chete padzidziso yevakadzi asiwo pakunzwisisa kwedu rusununguko, sarudzo, uye zvinoreva kuva munhu.
