Kutsoropodzwa kwaPlato kweDemocracy
Democracy inowanzoonekwa senzira yehurumende yakarurama nekuti inobvumira vagari kutora chikamu uye inoisa hutongi mumaoko evanhu. Zvisinei, kare kare democracy yemazuva ano isati yatanga, Plato akatsoropodza zvikuru hurongwa uhwu. Mumabasa ake—kunyanya Politeia (Republic)—Plato haana kungopokana nekushanda kwedemocracy chete asiwo akataura kuti yaive nembeu dzekuparadza mukati. Kutsoropodza kwake kwakabva munhoroondo yeAthens, kubva mukuora mwoyo kwake netsika dzezvematongerwo enyika dzakazadzwa nekutaura, uye kubva mukutenda kwake kuti hurumende inofanira kutungamirirwa nevane huchenjeri hukuru.
Nhoroondo yeKutsoropodzwa: Chiitiko cheAtene neRufu rwaSocrates
Plato aigara munzvimbo yezvematongerwo enyika isina kugadzikana muAthens. Athens inozivikanwa seimwe yenzvimbo dzekutanga dzedemocracy yakananga, uko vagari (vane zvirambidzo zvakati: hapana varanda, hapana vakadzi, hapana vatorwa) vaitora chikamu mukugadzira mutemo kuburikidza nemusangano. Zvisinei, democracy yeAthens yakasanganawo nematambudziko, hondo, kusawirirana kwemapoka, uye sarudzo dzezvematongerwo enyika dzaiwanzochinja-chinja zvichienderana nepfungwa dzevanhu.
Chiitiko chakanyanya kurwadza Plato kwaive kuurayiwa kwaSocrates muna 399 BC. Socrates—mudzidzisi waPlato—akatongwa nemhosva dzekuti “akakanganisa vechidiki” uye “asingaremekedze vamwari veguta.” Kuna Plato, kufa kwaSocrates kwakaratidza njodzi dzemaonero everuzhinji uye mafungiro eruzhinji achishora varume vakachenjera vasina ruzivo rwakakwana. Izvi zvakaumba mhedziso yake: sarudzo dzezvematongerwo enyika dzinoitwa nevanhu vazhinji dzinopesvedzerwa zviri nyore, zvichiita kuti democracy ive isina kururama kunyangwe ichiti inoshanda muzita revanhu.
Democracy seHurumende Yakavakirwa Pachido, Kwete Paruzivo
Chimwe chezvakanyanya kutsoropodzwa naPlato ndechekuti democracy inowanzoisa chishuwo pamberi peruzivo (huchenjeri). Mubhuku rinonzi The Republic, Plato anosiyanisa pakati peruzivo rwechokwadi rweZvakanaka nepfungwawo zvayo. Akataura kuti mutemo weveruzhinji unosanganisira nyaya dzakaoma: kururamisira, dzidzo, hondo, hupfumi, uye tsika. Kana sarudzo dzakakosha dzikasiyirwa kuvanhu vasina kudzidziswa—kana vasina kudzidza zvakakwana—vanhu, hurumende ichatungamirwa nemafungiro asina kugadzikana.
Plato aidavira kuti mutungamiri akakodzera anofanira kuva nehunyanzvi uye hunhu hwakanaka, kwete mukurumbira chete. Rudzi rwedemokrasi, kune rumwe rutivi, runovhura mikana yakakura kune vanhu vane hunyanzvi hwekukwezva vanhu vazhinji. Nekuda kweizvozvo, vatungamiriri vanosarudzwa kwete nekuda kwekugona kwavo kutonga, asi nekuda kwekugona kwavo kufadza veruzhinji uye kushandisa manzwiro eboka.
Kutsoropodzwa kweRhetoric neDemagogy
Plato ainyumwa zvikuru nekutaura kwezvematongerwo enyika. Muhurumende yedemokrasi, hunyanzvi hwekutaura paruzhinji hunogona kuva chinhu chakakosha pakuwana simba. Dambudziko nderekuti, kutaura hakungorevi chokwadi nguva dzose. Kunogona kushandiswa kukwenenzvera nhema kuti dziite sedzechokwadi, kana kuronga maitiro asina kunaka seanobatsira.
Mukati mehurongwa uhu, Plato akaona kumuka kwevanyengeri—vanhu vanoti vanomiririra vanhu asi vachitovashandisa nesimba ravo pachavo. Vanyengeri havafanirwe kunge vari vazivi vezvematongerwo enyika; vanongoda kuva “nyanzvi dzechikuva” vanokwanisa kugadzira vavengi vese, kutengesa tariro, uye kuvimbisa kugutsikana ipapo ipapo. Kuna Plato, democracy inopa nzvimbo yakaorera yerudzi urwu rwezvematongerwo enyika, nekuti kukunda kunoenderana nekutenderwa nevanhu vazhinji, kwete nehunhu hwetsika nepfungwa.
Rusununguko Rwakanyanya Uye Kurasikirwa Nekurongeka
Democracy inowanzo rumbidzwa nekutsigira rusununguko. Plato haana kuramba rusununguko sechinhu chakakosha, asi akabvunza pfungwa yerusununguko rusina muganho. MuThe Republic (Bhuku VIII), Plato anotsanangura democracy sehutongi hunonamata rusununguko kusvika rwazopedzisira rwava nyonganyonga. Munhu wese anoda kurarama maererano nezvaanoda; mitemo inoonekwa seinopindira; chirango chinoonekwa sekudzvinyirira.
Kana rusununguko rwuchinzwisiswa se "kubvumidzwa kuita chero chinhu," masangano anochengetedza runyararo anova asina simba. Vanhu vanoona zvakaoma kugamuchira mitemo isingafadzi, kunyangwe zvichidikanwa. Dzidzo inogona kurasikirwa negwara rayo sezvo simba retsika nepfungwa richibvunzwa. Panguva ino, nyika inova panjodzi yekusagadzikana: mitemo inochinja zvichienderana nemafambiro, kusawirirana kwevanhu kunowedzera, uye zvido zvenguva pfupi zvinokunda kuronga kwenguva refu.
Maequations Asinganzwisiswi: Kusiyana Kwehunyanzvi Hwakajeka
Democracy inotsigirawo musimboti wekuenzana. Plato akataura kuti kuenzana mukukudzwa kwevanhu hazvirevi kuti kuenzana muhutungamiriri. Kuna Plato, matambudziko anomuka kana democracy ichienzanisa maonero ese sekunge ane huremu hwakaenzana, kunyangwe ruzivo rwemunhu wega wega nehunhu hwake zvakasiyana. Munyaya dzehunyanzvi dzakadai sekufamba nechikepe, vanhu vaizosarudza kaputeni ane hunyanzvi, kwete kuvhotera vafambi. Zvisinei, munyaya dzehurumende—idzo Plato aitenda kuti dzaive dzakaoma zvakanyanya—democracy panzvimbo pezvo inosiya sarudzo kune vhoti yeruzhinji.
Kufananidza "ngarava yehurumende," inowanzonzi yakaitwa naPlato, kunoratidza mamiriro ezvinhu aya: kana vafambi vasina ruzivo rwekufamba nechikepe vakamhanya-mhanya kuti vaone kwainoenda, ngarava inogona kuparara. Nemamwe mashoko, kutonga kunoda hunyanzvi, kwete kungozivikanwa nenhamba chete.
Kubva kuDemocracy kusvika kuDhanyeri: Kuderera kweHutongi
Kutsoropodza kwaPlato kwakakurumbira inyaya yekuti democracy inogona kuderera kuita hudzvanyiriri. Akataura kuti kana rusununguko rusingadzoreki, nzanga inokamurwa, zvishuwo zvinopesana, uye kurongeka kunoderera. Munguva dzenyonganyonga, vanhu vanotanga kuda "muponesi" anovimbisa kurongeka nekuchengetedzeka. Vanhu vezvematongerwo enyika vanobva vabuda, vowana rutsigiro nezvipikirwa zvikuru, uye vosimbisa simba zvishoma nezvishoma kusvika vava vadzvinyiriri.
Kuna Plato, izvi zvaisava tsaona, asi muenzaniso. Democracy, iyo inokudza rusununguko nekuenzana zvakanyanya, inogona kugadzira nzvimbo yekuunganidza simba rinoparadza rusununguko pacharwo. Mukuona kwake, hudzvanyiriri i "mumvuri werima" wedemocracy: inotanga nemufaro uye ichiguma nekudzvinyirirwa.
Imwe nzira yaPlato: Hurumende yeVazivi
Plato haana kungotsoropodza chete; akapa imwe nzira: nyika yakanaka inotungamirwa ne "mambo wepfungwa." Vazivi, saPlato, havasi vanhu vanongogona kupokana chete, asi vanhu vanoda uchenjeri, vakadzidza kunzwisisa kunaka, uye vanokwanisa kudzora zvido zvavo. Vanotonga kwete nekuda kwepfuma kana mukurumbira, asi nekuda kweruramisiro nekubatsira vanhu vose.
Mukugadzira kwaPlato, nzanga yakakamurwa kuita mapoka anoshanda: vatungamiriri (vazivi), vachengeti (masoja/vachengetedzi), uye vagadziri (varimi, vatengesi, vashandi). Kururamisira kunoitika kana boka rega rega rikaita basa raro zvichienderana nekugona kwaro, uye vatungamiriri vanotonga nepfungwa, kwete nekuda kwezvido zvevanhu vazhinji.
Ehe, pfungwa iyi inowanzo tsoropodzwa nekuda kwekuti inogona kunge iri yepamusoro-soro uye ichivhura mukana wehudzvanyiriri. Zvisinei, Plato akasimbisa pfungwa imwe chete: hurumende inofanira kuva yakavakirwa pahunhu hwakanaka, dzidzo, uye ruzivo rwakaratidza.
Kukosha Kwekutsoropodzwa kwaPlato Munguva Yazvino
Democracy yemazuva ano yakasiyana zvikuru nedemocracy yeAtene: inosanganisira bumbiro remitemo, kupatsanurwa kwemasimba, sarudzo dzevamiriri, kuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzevashoma, rusununguko rwevatori venhau, uye kudzora nekuyera. Asi kushoropodza kwaPlato kuchiri kukosha senyevero. Kusarura kwevanhu, kushandiswa kwemashoko, zvematongerwo enyika, kupatsanurana, uye kutonga kwemanzwiro munharaunda yeruzhinji zvinoratidza kuti democracy inogara iine mukana wekushandiswa zvisina kunaka.
Kutsoropodzwa kwaPlato kunotikurudzira kuti tibvunze kuti: vavhoti vangawana sei ruzivo rwakakwana? Tingavaka sei dzidzo yezvematongerwo enyika kuitira kuti veruzhinji vasashandise simba zviri nyore? Tingaenzanisa sei rusununguko nekutarisira zvinhu? Tingadzivirira sei kuwanda kwesimba kunokonzerwa nedambudziko redemocracy pachayo?
Mhedziso
Kutsoropodza kwaPlato nezvedemocracy kunobva mukunetsekana kwekuti democracy inowira nyore nyore mukutonga kwemaonero eruzhinji, kutaura, uye chishuwo. Akataura kuti rusununguko rusina muganho runotungamira kunyongano, kuti kuenzana kusinganzwisisike kunovhara kugona, uye kuti mamiriro aya anovhura nzira yehudzvanyiriri. Kunyange hazvo sarudzo ye "mambo wefilosofi" yakaoma kushandisa munyika yanhasi, pfungwa dzaPlato dzichiri kukosha sepfungwa huru: democracy haisi yekungovhota kweruzhinji chete, asiwo nezvemhando yeruzivo, hunhu, uye masangano anodzivirira kururamisira.
Kana democracy ichizoramba iripo, haifanirwe kungova nzira dzesarudzo chete. Inofanira kutsigirwa nedzidzo, tsika dzevanhu, tsika dzine musoro, uye nzira dzinodzivirira kushandiswa kwevanhu vakawanda—sezvakangotaurwa naPlato makore anopfuura zviuru zviviri apfuura.
