Chinhu Chinokosha Pakuumbwa Kwezvinhu
Muhurukuro yapfuura, takadzidza zvirevo zvakasiyana-siyana zvemutemo wechipiri wethermodynamics. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti zvirevo izvi zvinogona kutsanangura chete mamwe maitiro asingadzoreki. Chirevo chaClausius chinotsanangura chete kutamiswa kwekupisa uye hukama hwacho nepfungwa yekushanda kwefiriji. Chirevo chaKelvin naPlanck chine chekuita nepfungwa yekushanda kwefiriji. injini yekupisaChaizvoizvo, zvirevo zviviri izvi zvine chekuita nekutamiswa kwekupisa. Kune mamwe maitiro akawanda asingadzoreki asingagoni kutsanangurwa uchishandisa zvirevo zviviri izvi.
Chirevo chaicho chemutemo wechipiri wethermodynamics hachigone kutsanangura maitiro ese asingadzoreki, saka tinoda chirevo chakazara. Chirevo ichi chinotarisirwa kutsanangura maitiro ese asingadzoreki anoitika muchadenga. Chirevo chakazara chemutemo wechipiri wethermodynamics chakagadzirwa pakati pezana remakore rechi19, kuburikidza nehuwandu hunonzi entropy (S). Entropy inogona kufungwa sechiyero chekusagadzikana. Huwandu hwe entropy hwakatanga kuunzwa naClausius uye hwakatorwa kubva kuCarnot cycle (injini yekupisa yakakwana). Sekureva kwaClausius, hukuru hwekuchinja kwe entropy kunoitika nehurongwa, apo hurongwa hunogamuchira kupisa kwakawedzerwa (Q) patembiricha yakajairika, hunoratidzwa ne equation:
Entropy huwandu hunotsanangura mamiriro e microscopic ehurongwa saka hahugone kuyerwa zvakananga. Tinongoongorora shanduko mu entropy. Zvakafanana nekuchinja kwesimba muhurongwa. mutemo wekutanga wethermodynamics.
Muenzaniso wemubvunzo wechi1:
Huwandu hwegasi riri mumudziyo hunowedzerwa neadiabatic. Chii chiri kuchinja kwe entropy yegasi?
Kukurukurirana
Munguva yekuita adiabatic, hapana kupisa inopinda kana kubuda musystem (gasi). Nekuti Q = 0 saka ΔS = 0. Entropy yesystem haichinji, inozivikanwawo se constant. Ko adiabatic compression? Zvakafanana chaizvo. Munguva yekudzvanywa kweadiabatic, hapana kupisa kunopinda kana kubuda musystem (Q = 0). Saka, entropy yesystem inogara iripo.
Muenzaniso wemubvunzo wechi2:
Injini yeCarnot inogamuchira 2000 J yekupisa pa500 K, inoshanda uye inoramba huwandu hwakati hwekupisa pa350 K. Sarudza huwandu hwekupisa kwakarambwa uye shanduko yese ye entropy muinjini panguva imwe chete.
Kukurukurirana
Kana sisitimu ikagamuchira kupisa, Q inenge iri positive, kana sisitimu ikaburitsa kupisa, Q inenge iri negative. Sisitimu yeiyi kesi iCarnot engine.
Munguva imwe chete yekutenderera, injini yeCarnot inopinda mumaitiro maviri e isothermal anodzoserwa (kuwedzera kwe isothermal + kudzvanywa kwe isothermal) uye maitiro maviri e adiabatic anodzoserwa (kuwedzera kwe adiabatic uye kudzvanywa kwe adiabatic). Munguva yekuwedzera kwe adiabatic uye kudzvanywa, hapana kupisa kunopinda kana kubuda musystem (Q = 0). Sezvo Q = 0, shanduko mu entropy panguva ye adiabatic process = 0.
Munguva yekuwedzera kwemafuta emuviri, injini inotora 2000 J yekupisa (Q) patembiricha (T) ye500 K. Nekuti injini inotora kupisa, Q yakanaka. Kuchinja kwe entropy yeinjini panguva yekuwedzera kwemafuta emuviri ndekwekuti:
Munguva yekudzvanywa kwe isothermal, injini inoramba 1400 J yekupisa (Q) patembiricha (T) ye350 K. Nekuti injini inoramba kupisa, Q ine chiratidzo chekusashanda zvakanaka. Kuchinja kwe entropy yeinjini panguva yekudzvanywa kwe isothermal ndekwekuti:
Kuchinja kwe entropy yese = 4 J/K - 4 J/K = 0
Muenzaniso wemubvunzo wechi3:
Injini yekupisa inogamuchira maJoules mazana matanhatu ekupisa (Q) patembiricha ye300 oC, ichiita basa uye ichiburitsa huwandu hwakati hwekupisa patembiricha ye100 oC. Sarudza huwandu hwekupisa kwakarambwa uye shanduko yese ye entropy muinjini panguva imwe chete…
Kukurukurirana
TH = 300K
QH = 600 J
TL = 100K
QL =?
Munguva imwe chete yekutenderera, injini yeCarnot inopinda mumaitiro maviri e isothermal anodzoserwa (kuwedzera kwe isothermal + kudzvanywa kwe isothermal) uye maitiro maviri e adiabatic anodzoserwa (kuwedzera kwe adiabatic uye kudzvanywa kwe adiabatic). Munguva yekuwedzera kwe adiabatic uye kudzvanywa, hapana kupisa kunopinda kana kubuda musystem (Q = 0). Sezvo Q = 0, shanduko mu entropy panguva ye adiabatic process = 0.
Munguva yekuwedzera kwemafuta emuviri, injini inotora 600 J yekupisa (Q) patembiricha (T) ye300 K. Nekuti injini inotora kupisa, Q yakanaka. Kuchinja kwe entropy yeinjini panguva yekuwedzera kwemafuta emuviri ndekwekuti:
Munguva yekudzvanywa kwe isothermal, injini inoramba 200 J yekupisa (Q) patembiricha (T) ye100 K. Nekuti injini inoramba kupisa, Q ine chiratidzo chekusashanda zvakanaka. Kuchinja kwe entropy yeinjini panguva yekudzvanywa kwe isothermal ndekwekuti:
Kuchinja kwe entropy yese = 2 J/K - 2 J/K = 0
Kubva pamuenzaniso wemubvunzo nhamba 2 nemuenzaniso wemubvunzo nhamba 3, zvinoita sekunge shanduko ye entropy yese kune inodzoserwa = 0. Nemamwe mashoko, mumaitiro anodzoserwa, entropy yese inogara iripo.
Muenzaniso wemubvunzo wechi4:
Chidimbu chechando che2 kg chine tembiricha ye0 oC. Makubhu echando anoiswa mumudziyo uye anoomeswa muzuva. Nekuti anowana kupisa kwakawedzerwa kubva mumhepo nezuva, chando chinonyunguduka. Sarudza shanduko mu entropy yechando. (Kupisa kwekubatana kwemvura = 3,34 x 105 J/Kg)
Kukurukurirana
Huwandu hwechando = 2 kg
Kupisa kwechando = 0 oC + 273 = 273 K
Kupisa kwekubatana kwemvura = 3,34 x 10 5 J/Kg
Kupisa kunodiwa kuti 2 kg yechando inyunguduke mumvura:
Q = mL
Q = (2 kg)(3,34 x 105 J/Kg)
Q = 6,68 x 105 J
Q = 668 x 103 J
Munguva yekunyunguduka kwechando (chando chichienda kumvura), tembiricha inogara iripo. Nekuti tembiricha inogara iripo, shanduko ye entropy yechando inoverengwa.
Muenzaniso wemubvunzo wechi5:
Girazi remvura patembiricha ye26 oC yakasanganiswa negirazi remvura patembiricha ye22 oC. Kana huremu hwemvura mugirazi = 2 kg, tsvaga shanduko mu entropy yemvura. Ngatitii mvura inopisa nemvura inotonhora zvakasanganiswa mumudziyo wakavharwa, wakadzivirirwa zvakanaka. Kutamiswa kwekupisa inzira isingadzoreki.
Kukurukurirana
Kupisa kwemvura chaiyo (c) = 4180 J/Kg Co
Huremu hwemvura = 2 Kg (huremu hwakafanana hwemvura).
Nekuti huremu hwemvura hwakafanana, tembiricha yekupedzisira yemusanganiswa = 24 oC (26 oC + 22 oC / 2 = 48 oC / 2 = 24 oC).
Huwandu hwekupisa hunoburitswa nemvura inopisa kana tembiricha yayo yaderera kubva pa26 oC - 24 oVS:
Q = mc ΔT = (2 kg)(4180 J/kg Co)(26 oC - 24 oC) = (2 Kg)(4180 J/kg Co)(2 oC) = 16720 J
Huwandu hwekupisa hunotorwa nemvura inotonhora kana tembiricha yayo ikawedzera kubva pa22 o C - 24 o C:
Q = mc ΔT = (2 kg)(4180 J/kg Co)(24 oC - 22 oC) = (2 kg)(4180 J/kg Co)(2 oC) = 16720 J
Kuchinja kwe entropy yese = Kuchinja kwe entropy yemvura inopisa + kuchinja kwe entropy yemvura inotonhora
Avhareji yekupisa kwemvura inopisa = (26) oC + 24 oC) / 2 = 50 oC / 2 = 25 oC ‐‐‐‐ 25 + 273 = 298 K
Avhareji yekupisa kwemvura inotonhora = (22) oC + 24 oC) / 2 = 46 oC / 2 = 23 oC ‐‐‐‐ 23 + 273 = 296 K
Mvura inopisa inoburitsa kupisa, saka Q haina kunaka. Kusiyana neizvi, mvura inotonhora inotora kupisa, saka Q yakanaka. Yeuka mutemo wechiratidzo cheQ (mutemo wekutanga wethermodynamics).
Δ S Huwandu = Δ S mvura inopisa + Δ S mvura inotonhora
Δ S Total = - 56,107 J/K + 56,486 J/K
Δ S Huwandu = 0,379 J/K
Huwandu hwe entropy hunowedzera ne 0,379 J/K
Kunyangwe entropy yezvimwe zvikamu zvesystem ichidzikira (‐56,107 J/K), entropy yezvimwe zvikamu zvesystem inowedzera nehuwandu hukuru (+ 56,486 J/K) zvekuti entropy yese inogara ichikwira (+ 0,379 J/K).
Kuwedzera kwe entropy yese mukuita kusingadzoreki hakungoshandi chete pakuchinjisa kupisa pakati pemusanganiswa wemvura inopisa neinotonhora watakaongorora pamusoro apa, asiwo kunoshanda kune zvese zvakadzidzwa nesainzi. Total entropy inogara yakadaro kana maitiro acho achidzoserwa. Kana maitiro acho asingadzoreki, total entropy inogara ichikwira.
Chaizvoizvo, maitiro ese echisikigo muhupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva haachinjiki, saka entropy yese inowedzera zvisingadzivisike. Izvi zvinopfupikiswa mumutsara unotevera:
Mukuita kusingadzoreki, huwandu hwese hwehurongwa nenzvimbo dzakakomberedza hunowedzera nguva dzose.
Mutsara uyu wakatsveyamiswa ishoko remutemo wechipiri wethermodynamics. Mutemo wechipiri wethermodynamics wakasiyana zvishoma nemimwe mitemo yefizikisi. Kazhinji, mitemo yefizikisi inotsanangurwa semaequations (semuenzaniso, mitemo yaNewton) kana semitemo yekuchengetedza (semuenzaniso, mutemo wekuchengetedza simba).
Entropy chiratidzo chekusagadzikana
Entropy inogona kunzi chiyero chekusagadzikana. Kana tichitarisa chirevo chemutemo wechipiri wethermodynamics, kusagadzikana kunowanzo kuwedzera mumaitiro asingadzoreki. Nemamwe mashoko, maitiro ese asingadzoreki anotungamira kumamiriro ezvinhu asingadzoreki. Zvinorehwa nekusagadzikana pano zvingasava pachena, saka zvichatsanangurwa uchishandisa mienzaniso yemaitiro asingadzoreki anoitika muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti pfungwa ye entropy pakutanga yaingobatanidzwa chete nemaitiro asingadzoreki anosanganisira shanduko muchimiro chesimba uye kutamiswa kwesimba. Mushure mekusunungurwa kubva pahunde yayo uye kudonha zvakasununguka kusvika yarova pasi, mango haimbotsvedzeri kumusoro. Bhuku ratinosundira tobva tamira harimbodzokeri kumashure kwatiri. Aya ndiwo mimwe mienzaniso yemaitiro asingadzoreki ane chekuita nekuchinja muchimiro chesimba uye kutamiswa kwesimba kubva kune chimwe chinhu kuenda kune chimwe. Maitiro aya anongoitika kune rimwe divi, asi haamboiti zvakasiyana. Mango haimbotsvedzeri kumusoro yega nekuti simba remukati kushandurwa kuita simba rekufambaBhuku harimbotsvedzeri richiuya kwatiri nekuti kupisa kunokonzerwa nekukweshana kunoshandurwa kuita simba remagetsi.
Maitiro asingadzoreki anoitika muchadenga haana chekuita nekuchinja kwesimba uye kutamiswa kwesimba chete. Mushure mekuzvarwa, tinokura kuita vacheche, vana, vechidiki, vakuru, tobva tachembera uye taora tozopedzisira tafa 😉 Wakamboona munhu mukuru achishanduka kuita mwana here? Haambofi… Nharembozha yatinoshandisa inova isina kusimba uye yakakuvara nekufamba kwenguva… Mota itsva yaive yakapfava uye ine simba inova isina kusimba uye isina simba mushure mekuishandisa kwemakore mashoma. Wakamboona mota yekare ikangoerekana yava itsva zvakare here? Kana kuti nharembozha yako yaunofarira inova yakapfava uye iri nani zuva nezuva? Haambofi… Mushure mekushandiswa, nharembozha inova isina kusimba uye yakakuvara. Mota dzakafanana… Aya mimwe mienzaniso yemaitiro asingadzoreki asina chekuita nekuchinja kwesimba uye kutamiswa kwesimba…. Zvino, mushure mekuona kuti maitiro ese echisikigo anoitika muchadenga haadzoreki, pfungwa ye entropy inova yakakura. Hurukuro haingotauri nezvemaitiro e thermodynamic chete asiwo inosanganisira mamwe maitiro mazhinji asingadzoreki muchadenga.
Iye zvino ngatikurukurei mamwe maitiro asingadzoreki anoitika muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Kutanga, ngatifungei nezve maitiro akareruka asingadzoreki. Uku kungori sumo, saka unonzwisisa pfungwa ye entropy uye hukama hwayo nemaitiro asingadzoreki.
Semuenzaniso, ngatitii une mabhuru matsvuku nebhuruu akati wandei. Mabhuru anoiswa mumudziyo. Mabhuru ebhuruu akarongwa zvakanaka pasi, nepo mabhuru matsvuku akarongwa zvakanaka kumusoro (mufananidzo wekuruboshwe). Kurongeka kwemabhuru ako mumudziyo kunotaridzika zvakanaka… Pasi pese pakaita bhuruu, pamusoro pese pakaita tsvuku.
Tevere, unozunza kana kuzunza mudziyo kumusoro nekudzika. Nekuti mudziyo unofambiswa kumusoro nekudzika, kurongeka kwemabhuru kwakatanga kuchichinja kuita kunge kusina kurongeka zvakare (mufananidzo wekurudyi). Mabhuru matsvuku nebhuruu anosanganiswa pamwe chete 😉 Paunonyanya kuzunza, kurongeka kwemabhuru kunowedzera kusarongeka… Zvinogoneka here kuti mushure mekuzunguzwa, kurongeka kwemabhuru kunowedzera kuita sepakutanga? Hazvigoneki… Ndokumbirawo uzviratidze kana usingazvitendi. Hazvigoneki kuti mabhuru ave akafanana sekare… Uyu muenzaniso wemaitiro asingadzokerike. Mushure mekusangana nemaitiro asingadzokerike, kurongeka kwemabhuru kwakatanga kuchichinja kuita kunge kusina kurongeka…
Izvi zvinoitikawo mune mamwe maitiro asingadzoreki. Patinobata chinhu chinopisa nechinhu chinotonhora, kupisa kunoyerera otomatiki kubva kuchinhu chinopisa kuenda kuchinhu chinotonhora… Kupisa kunomira kuyerera mushure mekunge zvinhu zviviri zvasangana zvasvika pakupisa kwakafanana. Maitiro aya haadzoreki… Pakutanga tine marongero maviri emamorekuru, kureva mamorekuru ane avhareji yakakura yesimba rekinetic (mamorekuru anoumba chinhu chinopisa) uye mamorekuru ane avhareji diki yesimba rekinetic (mamorekuru anoumba chinhu chinotonhora). Mushure mekunge chinhu chinopisa nechinhu chinotonhora zvasvika pakupisa kwakafanana (mamorekuru ane avhareji yakafanana yesimba rekinetic), hatichagoni kusiyanisa marongero maviri emamorekuru. Marongero emamorekuru ayo pakutanga aive akajairwa anochinja kuita asina kurongeka. Kufanana nekurongeka kwemarumaru ari pamusoro… Mushure mekunge zvinhu zviviri zvasvika pakupisa kwakafanana, kurongeka kwakajairika kwemamorekuru kunoshanduka kuita kusina kurongeka (kusarongeka kunowedzera nekuda kwekutamiswa kwekupisa kusingadzoreki).
Uyezve, kuyerera kwekupisa kubva pachinhu chinopisa kuenda kuchinhu chinotonhora kunogona kufungidzirwa sekuyerera kwekupisa kubva kunzvimbo ine tembiricha yepamusoro kuenda kunzvimbo ine tembiricha yakaderera muinjini yekupisa. Kuyerera kwekupisa kubva kunzvimbo ine tembiricha yepamusoro kuenda kunzvimbo ine tembiricha yakaderera kunobvumira injini yekupisa kuita basa. Injini yekupisa haigone kuita basa isina kuyerera kwekupisa. Saka, tinogona kuumba hukama pakati pehukuru hwekusagadzikana uye kugona kuita basa. Mushure mekusvika patembiricha imwechete, hapana kuyerera kwekupisa kubva pachinhu chinopisa kuenda kuchinhu chinotonhora (kusagadzikana kunowedzera). Sezvo kusavapo kwekufamba kwekupisa kuchidzivirira injini yekupisa kuita basa, tinogona kutaura kuti sisitimu isingakwanise kuita basa ine kusagadzikana kwakanyanya, nepo sisitimu inogona kuita basa ine kusagadzikana kwakaderera…
Kubva pane izvi zvabuda, tinogona kuwana mhedziso nezvehukama huripo pakati pemhando dzesimba nekuyera kusagadzikana. Chaizvoizvo, chimiro chesimba chinogona kushandiswa kuita basa isimba rinogona kushandiswa. Simba rekukweva remvura rinogona kushandiswa kufambisa turbine. Simba rekukweva remakemikari riri mumafuta rinogona kushandiswa kufambisa mota. Simba rekukweva remakemikari mumiviri yedu rinogona kushandiswa kuita basa, kufamba, kudzidza… Simba rekukweva remango rinogona kushandiswa kugadzirisa kudonha kwemvura padenga remba 😉 Nekuti mhando dzesimba dzinobatsira dzinogona kushandiswa kuita basa, tinogona kutaura kuti mhando dzesimba dzinobatsira dzakarongeka, nepo mhando dzesimba dzisina basa dzisina kurongeka. Mhando dzesimba risina basa isimba remukati nekupisa… Mushure mekudonha pasi, mango haimbotsvedzeri zvakare kumusoro nekuti simba remukati rinoshandurwa kuita simba rekinetic…
Mushure mekunge tasunda bhuku, bhuku rinofamba. Kuvapo kwekukweshana kunoita kuti bhuku rimire kufamba… Muchiitiko ichi, simba rekufamba kwebhuku rashanduka kuita kupisa (kupisa kunobva mukukweshana). Muchokwadi, bhuku richiripo haridzokeri shure kwatiri nekuti kupisa kwashanduka kuita simba rekufamba kwemhepo… Mienzaniso miviri iyi inoratidza kuti kupisa imhando mbiri dzesimba risingabatsiri. Mhando dzesimba dzisingabatsiri hadzigone kushandiswa kuita basa. Saka, tinogona kutaura kuti kupisa nesimba remukati zvine kusagadzikana kwakanyanya…
Chaizvoizvo, maitiro ekushandura chimiro chesimba, kubva pachimiro chesimba chinobatsira kuenda kuchimiro chesimba chisingabatsiri anogara achiwedzera kusagadzikana… Mumutauro weslang, entropy inogara ichikura panguva yekuchinja chimiro chesimba… Nekuti entropy inogara ichikura nekufamba kwenguva, marudzi ese esimba anobatsira achachinja kuita mafomu asina maturo. Simba richagara richichengetwa mukuchinja chimiro chesimba, asi chimiro chesimba chakarongeka uye chinogona kushandiswa kuita basa chinoshanduka kuita chimiro chisina kujairika uye hachigone kushandiswa kuita basa…
Entropy uye nhamba
Kare, takakurukura kuti entropy chiyero chekusagadzikana. Maitiro ese asingachinjiki anotungamira kumamiriro ekusagadzikana kwakanyanya. Pfungwa iyi ingaita seisinganzwisisike uye isina kujeka. Kuti tinzwisise zviri nani pfungwa ye entropy, tinogona kushandisa nzira yekuverenga nhamba. Kunzwisisa pfungwa ye entropy uchishandisa nzira yekuverenga nhamba kwakatanga kushandiswa naLudwig Boltzmann (1844–1906).
Pakutanga kwechinyorwa chino, zvakatsanangurwa kuti entropy huwandu hunotsanangura mamiriro e microscopic ehurongwa. Huwandu hunotsanangura mamiriro e macroscopic hunogona kuzivikanwa zvakananga, asi huwandu hunotsanangura mamiriro e microscopic haugone kuzivikanwa. Kuti tinzwisise mamiriro e microscopic, tinogona kuongorora hukama huripo pakati pemamiriro e macroscopic nee microscopic.
Une mari yerupiah zana here? Mari yerupiah zana ine mativi maviri: rimwe divi rinoratidza shiri yeGaruda uye rimwe divi rinoratidza izwi rekuti 100 rupiah. Saka, semuenzaniso, kana uine mari yerupiah mazana mana… kana ukakanda mari yerupiah mazana mana pasi, pachava nemigumisiro mishanu yakasiyana mukukanda kamwe chete:
Kutanga, mifananidzo yese yeshiri yeGaruda inoonekwa (mifananidzo mina);
Chechipiri, mifananidzo mitatu yeshiri yeGaruda inoonekwa, imwe yakanyorwa yerupiah zana (mifananidzo mitatu, imwe yakanyorwa);
Chechitatu, mifananidzo miviri yeshiri yeGaruda inoonekwa, mazwi maviri zana remarupiah (mifananidzo miviri, mazwi maviri);
Chechina, mufananidzo mumwe chete weshiri yeGaruda unoonekwa, mazwi matatu e100 rupiah anoonekwa (mufananidzo mumwe, mazwi matatu);
Chechishanu, mazwi ekuti zana rerupiah anoonekwa (mazwi mana)…
Tinodaidza mifananidzo kana zvakanyorwa zvishanu kuti macroscopic states (macro = large). Kusiyana neizvi, kana tikamirira mari ina semifananidzo kana zvakanyorwa, tiri kutaura ma microscopic states (micro = small).
Mukukanda kamwe chete, pane mamiriro gumi nematanhatu anogona kuwanikwa nemicroscope (Mari imwe neimwe ine mikana miviri. Mari ina dzine mikana gumi nematanhatu = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 2 4 = 16). Mikana mikuru ndeyekuti mifananidzo miviri nezvinyorwa zviviri zvinoonekwa (Pane mamiriro matanhatu anogona kuwanikwa nemicroscope kubva muhuwandu hwemamiriro gumi nematanhatu emicroscopic - 6/16 x 100% = 37,5%). Kune rumwe rutivi, mukana mudiki ndewekuti mifananidzo mina kana zvinyorwa zvina zvinoonekwa (Imwe neimwe ine mamiriro rimwe chete emicroscopic - 1/16 x 100% = 6,25%). Zvatiri kukurukura pano mukana kana mukana chete ... Kana tikakanda mari kagumi nematanhatu, hazvina chokwadi kuti mifananidzo miviri nezvinyorwa zviviri zvichaonekwa katanhatu. Asi kana tikakanda mari kane zviuru, mukana wekuti mifananidzo miviri nezvinyorwa zviviri zvioneke unogona kusvika pa37,5%.
Zviri nani kuratidza izvozvo... Ndapota rasai mari yerupiah mazana mana ka100 (ka1000 kana muchikwanisa 😉). Nyorai data rakawanikwa nekukanda kamwe chete... Mushure mekukanda mari yacho ka100, muchaona kuti mifananidzo miviri nemagwaro maviri anowanikwa kakawanda. Kana nhamba yekukanda yakawanda, mukana wekuwana mifananidzo miviri nemagwaro maviri unosvika 37,5% yehuwandu hwese hwekukanda.
Kare taingotarisa mari 4 chete. Kana tikawedzera huwandu hwemari, huwandu hwema microscopic states hunokwira. Semuenzaniso, tine mari 100… Mukukanda kamwe chete, pane 2 100 = 1,27 x 10 30 ma microscopic states anogona kuwanikwa… Mikana mikuru ndeyekuti mifananidzo 50 nemagwaro 50 zvichaonekwa (Pane 1,01 x 10 29 ma microscopic states anogona kuwanikwa kubva muhuwandu hwe1,27 x 10 30 ma microscopic states). Kusiyana neizvi, mukana mudiki ndewekuti mifananidzo 100 kana magwaro 100 achaonekwa (Imwe neimwe ine 1 chete ma microscopic state anogona kuwanikwa kubva muhuwandu hwe1,27 x 10 30 ma microscopic states). Diki zvikuru uye risingabviri… Kana tine mari 1000, mukana wekuti mifananidzo 1000 kana magwaro 1000 aonekere wava mudiki uye unowedzera kusakwanisika.
Kuti tiwirirane izvi nepfungwa ye entropy, tinogona kufunga kuti mifananidzo yese kana rugwaro rwese zviri muhurongwa hwakarongeka, nepo hafu yemifananidzo nehafu yerugwaro zviri muhurongwa husina kurongeka. Kana huwandu hwemari hwakawanda, mukana wekuwana hurongwa hwakarongeka (mifananidzo yese kana rugwaro rwese) unova mudiki, uye zvinova zvisingaite. Kusiyana neizvi, hurongwa husina kurongeka (hafu yemifananidzo nehafu yerugwaro) hune mukana wakakura kana mukana. Kubva mumhedzisiro iyi, zvinoita sekunge kusarongeka kwakabatana zvakanyanya ne mukana. Mamiriro angangodaro mamiriro asina kurongeka, nepo mamiriro asingatarisirwi ari mamiriro akarongeka.
Chirevo chemutemo wechipiri wethermodynamics, chatakakurukura kare, chinotaura kuti entropy, kana kusagadzikana, kunogara kuchikwira mune zvese zvisingadzoreki. Chirevo ichi chemutemo wechipiri wethermodynamics chinogona kunzwisiswa sechirevo chemukana. Izvi zvinoreva kuti maitiro ese anoitika muchadenga ndiwo ane mukana mukuru kana mukana. Mutemo wechipiri wethermodynamics haurambidzi kudzikira kwe entropy mune ese maitiro asingadzoreki, asi mukana wacho mudiki kwazvo, haugoneke. Kusiyana neizvi, kuwedzera kwe entropy kune mukana wakakura zvikuru. Huwandu hwemasenti ataongorora kare hwaingova 100 chete… muchokwadi, pane 6,02 x 1023 mamorekuru… iyi inhamba yakakura kwazvo. Mamiriro anogona kunge ari mu microscopic enhamba iyi akakura kwazvo, saka chero kurongeka kune mukana mudiki kwazvo, unenge usingaite…
Kana tikadonhedza girazi pasi, zvidimbu zvegirazi zvakapararira pasi zvinogona kuungana zvakare zvoita girazi rese sepakutanga. Asi mukana wekuti izvi zviitike mudiki zvekuti hazvigoneke… kana girazi richiripo, nzvimbo yemamorekuru inorongeka zvakanyanya. Kana girazi rikadonha kusvika ratyoka zvekuti zvidimbu zvegirazi zvakapararira pasi, nzvimbo yemamorekuru inokanganiswa. Mukana wekudzoka panzvimbo yakarongeka mudiki zvekuti kutarisira kuti mamorekuru egirazi aungane zvakare hazvigoneke. Kana tikabata chinhu chinopisa nechinhu chinotonhora, kupisa kunozviyerera kwega kubva kuchinhu chinopisa kuenda kuchinhu chinotonhora… zvinhu zvinopisa zvine mamorekuru anofamba zvisina tsarukano uye nekukurumidza, kune rumwe rutivi kufamba kwemamorekuru anoumba zvinhu zvinotonhora hakusi kukurumidza. Mukana wekuti mamorekuru aya anofamba nekukurumidza aroverane kana kuyambukira kuchinhu chinotonhora wakakura kupfuura mukana wemamorekuru anofamba zvishoma nezvishoma… chero ani zvake anokurumidza anowana 😉 kupisa kunogona kufamba kubva kuchinhu chinotonhora kuenda kuchinhu chinopisa, asi mukana wekuti izvi zviitike mudiki zvikuru.
Matombo ebhuruu netsvuku ari mumufananidzo uri pamusoro apa anogona kudzokera kurongeka kwawo kwekutanga, kwakajairika. Asi mukana wekudzoka kurongeka kwakarongeka mudiki zvikuru. Kurongeka kusina kurongeka kune mukana wakakura zvikuru. Saizvozvowo, kuwedzera kwakasununguka kunoitika negasi mumudziyo wakavharwa. Mudziyo une makamuri maviri, uko makamuri maviri akaparadzaniswa nechipingamupinyi. Pakutanga, gasi riri mukamuri rekuruboshwe. Kana chipingamupinyi chabviswa, mamorekuru egasi anoungana achienda kukamuri rekurudyi. Kamuri rekurudyi harina chinhu, nepo kamuri rekuruboshwe rine mamorekuru ari kufamba zvisina tsarukano. Kana chipingamupinyi chabviswa, mamorekuru ane mukana wakakura wekuyambuka achipinda mukamuri risina chinhu. Mushure mekunge mamorekuru azadza huwandu hwese hwemudziyo une makamuri maviri, zvinokwanisika here kuti mamorekuru ese azadze kamuri rekuruboshwe zvakare? Zvinogoneka, asi mukana wacho mudiki kwazvo. Mu mole imwe chete, mune 6,02 x 1023 mamorekuru... mukana wekuti mamorekuru ese ari munzvimbo yekuruboshwe i1 pamiriyoni. Rimwe pamiriyoni mukana mudiki kwazvo uye unenge usingaite...
Mutemo wechipiri wethermodynamics unotiudza kuti maitiro ese anoitika muchadenga ndiwo maitiro anogona kuitika. Nzira iyo maitiro echisikigo anoenda nayo (kuenda ku entropy yakakwira) inotsanangurwa netsaona kana mukana… kusagadzikana kune mukana wakakura wekuitika uye nekudaro kune mukana mukuru wekuitika…
Entropy = museve wenguva
Entropy inonziwo museve wenguva nekuti inotiudza nzira inopfuura nayo nguva. Nzira yemaitiro ese echisikigo iri kuenda kukusarongeka. Kana tikaona zvakapesana, kureva kuti, kusarongeka pachako kuchichinja kuita kurongeka, tinogona kuti chiitiko chacho chadzokera shure. Kana tikaona zvidimbu zvegirazi zvakapararira pasi zvichiungana zvakare uye zvichigadzira girazi rose zvakare, tinogona kuti chiitiko chacho chadzokera shure. Izvi hazvimboitiki muhupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva, uye kana zvikaitika, zvaizotyora mutemo wechipiri wethermodynamics. Muchiitiko ichi, nguva haimbofi yakadzokera shure uye kusarongeka hakumbofi kwakachinja otomatiki kuita kurongeka. Chinhu chinogona kuitika muhupenyu hwedu ndechekuti kurongeka kunogara kuchienderera kune kusagadzikana; nguva inogara ichienderera mberi, kwete kumashure. Kana munhu mukuru akashanduka kuita mwana mucheche, taizofunga kuti izvi hazvina kujairika uye kutyora mutemo wechipiri wethermodynamics.
