Dzidziso muLimical Anthropology
Kudzidza nezvemitauro ibazi resainzi rinodzidza mutauro senzira yemagariro evanhu. Chinangwa chayo chinopfuura chimiro chemutauro (senge girama kana phonology), asiwo pakushandisa kwavanoita mutauro kuti vagadzire zvinoreva, kuronga hukama hwevanhu, kutaurirana nezvevanhu, uye kuchengetedza kana kupikisa simba muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Nekuti mutauro unogara uripo mumamiriro ezvinhu, kudzidza nezvemitauro kunoongororawo mamiriro ekutaura, tsika dzekutaurirana, tsika, nhoroondo yekoloni, kufamba, uye matekinoroji anoumba matauriro nekunzwisisa kwevanhu kutaura. Kuti tinzwisise kusiyana uku kwemaonero, dzidziso dzakasiyana-siyana uye nzira dzakakura uye dzakava hwaro hwezvidzidzo zvemitauro nezvevanhu. Dzinotevera ndedzimwe dzedzidziso dzakakosha uye dzinoshandiswa kakawanda.
1. Kuwirirana kweMutauro: Sapir–Whorf
Dzidziso yehukama hwemitauro, inowanzobatanidzwa naEdward Sapir naBenjamin Lee Whorf, inoti mutauro une chekuita nekuti vanhu vanofunga sei nyika. Mushanduro "yakasimba" (mutauro wekusarudza), mutauro unofungidzirwa kuti ndiwo unosarudza kufunga. Shanduro inogamuchirwa zvakanyanya ndiyo shanduro "isina simba": mutauro unokanganisa kutarisisa, maitiro ekufunga, uye kuti tinoronga sei ruzivo mumapoka.
Mukudzidza nezvemitauro, kudyidzana kwemitauro kunobatsira pakuongorora kuti mapoka egirama, mazwi, kana madimikira etsika anokanganisa sei nhengo dzenharaunda dzinodudzira nguva, nzvimbo, ruvara, hukama, manzwiro, kana tsika. Maitiro aya haaise mutauro se "jeri repfungwa," asi sechishandiso chetsika chinodzidzisa vatauri vawo kusimbisa zvimwe zvinhu zvechokwadi. Tsvagiridzo yemitauro yakasiyana-siyana pamusoro pemashoko ekutungamira, masisitimu enhamba, kana mazita ehukama inowanzopa mienzaniso yekuti mutauro une hukama sei nemapatani eruzivo.
2. Kuumbwa kweMaumbirwo uye Mutauro seSisitimu yeZviratidzo
Hurongwa hwezvinhu, hwakadzika muna Ferdinand de Saussure, hunoona mutauro sehurongwa hwezviratidzo zvine zvazvinoreva zvinotsanangurwa nehukama huripo pakati pezvinhu zviri mukati mehurongwa, kwete nehukama hwazvo hwakananga nenyika. Pfungwa yechiratidzo uye chiratidzo inosimbisa kuti zvinoreva hukama. Hurongwa hwezvinhu hwakapesvedzera zvikuru anthropology (semuenzaniso, Claude Lévi-Strauss) mumaonero ayo ekuti tsika, kusanganisira mutauro, inoumbwa nemaumbirwo anogona kuongororwa.
Mukudzidza nezvemitauro, nhaka yekuvaka inoonekwa mukutarisa kwayo pamaitiro, zvinopesana zviviri, uye masisitimu emapoka. Kunyangwe yakazotsoropodzwa nekuda kwekunyanya kusimbisa "maumbirwo" uye kusaremekedza kusiyana kwemaitiro, kuvaka kwakabatsira kupa maturusi ekuongorora ekunzwisisa kurongeka kwekusiyana kwemitauro netsika.
3. Ethnography yeKutaurirana: Dell Hymes
Dell Hymes akagadzira ethnography yekutaurirana senzira yekuongorora mitauro, iyo inongoongorora kugona kwemitauro kwevatauri. Sekureva kwaHymes, kuti tinyatsonzwisisa mutauro, tinofanira kudzidza kugona kutaurirana: kugona kushandisa mutauro nemazvo munharaunda netsika. Akagadzira chishandiso chekuongorora chakakurumbira kuburikidza nechidimbu cheSpeaking (Setting/Scene, Participants, Ends, Act sequence, Key, Instrumentalities, Norms, Genre).
Maitiro aya anokurudzira vaongorori kuti vapinde mubasa iri kuti vaone matauriro anoita vanhu mumamiriro ezvinhu ekukurukurirana: mhemberero dzechivanhu, misangano yemumusha, kutaurirana kwemhuri, makirasi echikoro, misika, uye kunyange hurukuro dzepaindaneti. Kutaurirana kwemadzinza kunosimbisa kuti mitemo ye "ruremekedzo," sarudzo dzemutauro, maitiro ekutaura, uye kuti ndiani anogona kutaura uye riini zvese chikamu chehurongwa hwemagariro evanhu. Nemamwe mashoko, mutauro hausi chishandiso chekutumira mameseji chete, asiwo nzira yekugadzirisa hupenyu hwemunharaunda.
4. Dzidziso yeChiito cheKutaura: Austin naSearle
Dzidziso yezviito zvekutaura inoti kana munhu achitaura, haangotauri chimwe chinhu chete, asiwo anoita chimwe chinhu. J.L. Austin akatanga musiyano uripo pakati pezviito zvekutaura (zviri kutaurwa), zviito zvekutaura zvisina musoro (basa/chinangwa chechiito, zvakaita sekupa murairo kana kuvimbisa), uye zviito zvekutaura (kukanganisa muteereri). John Searle akazogadzira mhando yezviito zvekutaura zvakaita semirairo, zvirevo, zviito zvemumiriri, zviito zvinoratidza, uye zviito zvekuzivisa.
Mukudzidza nezvevanhu, dzidziso yezviito zvekutaura inoshandiswa kuongorora tsika dzevanhu dzakadai semhiko dzetsika, minamato, kutuka, mhemberero dzekutumidza mazita, zvibvumirano zvemuchato, mirairo yehutungamiriri, uye hurukuro munzvimbo dzeveruzhinji. Inotarisa pamamiriro ekufara: kana kutaura "kwakakodzera" uye kuchizivikanwa. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti simba, masangano, uye tsika dzinosarudza kana mazwi ane mhedzisiro munharaunda.
5. Kuongorora Kudyidzana uye Kukurukurirana
Kudyidzana kwezviratidzo uye ongororo yekukurukurirana (CA) kunoongorora kuti kurongeka kwevanhu kunovakwa sei padanho diki kuburikidza nekudyidzana kwezuva nezuva. CA inotarisa pakupatsanurana, kumira, kukanganiswa, kugadzirisa, kuseka, kusimbisa, uye mapati epedyo akadai sekukwazisana nemhinduro kana mibvunzo nemhinduro.
Kune dzidziso dzemitauro, nzira iyi inokosha nekuti inoratidza kuti tsika hadzisi nguva dzose dzinoonekwa semitemo yakajeka, asi dzinoonekwa mutsika dzinogara dzichitaurirana. Semuenzaniso, kuti vanhu vanoramba sei zvikumbiro nenzira isina kunanga, kuti vanoratidza sei ruremekedzo kuburikidza nekusarudza kwavo mazwi, kana kuti vanoramba sei vachitarisana nevadikani vavo vekukurukura. Nekuongorora ruzivo rwekukurukurirana zvakadzama, vaongorori vanogona kuona kuti kuzivikanwa, simba, uye kubatana zvinokurukuriranwa sei nguva nenguva.
6. Maitiro, Kurongeka, uye Maonero
Pragmatics inodzidza zvinoreva matauriro zvichibva pane zvaanoshandiswa. Imwe pfungwa huru mukudzidza nezvemitauro ndeyekurongeka: kugona kwezvikamu zvemutauro (semuenzaniso, matauriro, mazinga ekutaura, matauriro, kana sarudzo yemazwi) "kuratidza" kune mamwe mamiriro emagariro evanhu, akadai sechinzvimbo, kujairana, murume kana mukadzi, rudzi, kana maitiro.
Michael Silverstein anosimbisa kutarisisa pakurongeka kwemutauro uye anoratidza kuti zvinoreva mutauro munharaunda hazvina kusarura. Maitiro ekutaura anogona kuratidza "akadzidza," "nyika," "akanaka," kana "akarongeka," zvichienderana nepfungwa dzemutauro dziripo. Kuburikidza nepfungwa iyi, hunyanzvi hwemitauro hunoongorora kuti vanhu vanoshandisa sei kusiyana kwemitauro kuti vazviise panzvimbo yavo, vagadzire daro, vagadzire kubatana, kana kuratidza kubatana kweboka.
7. Pfungwa dzeMutauro uye Simba
Dzidziso yepfungwa dzemutauro inosimbisa kuti zvitendero zvenzanga pamusoro pemutauro—zvinoonekwa se“zvakanaka,” “zvakanaka,” “zvine hunhu,” kana “zvenyika”—zvakabatana zvikuru nezvematongerwo enyika uye simba rekuzvizivikanwa. Dzidziso yemutauro inogona kukanganisa mutemo wedzidzo, kuenzana, kusarura kwemitauro, uye mikana yezvehupfumi hwevatauri.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu emitauro yakawanda, pfungwa dzemitauro dzinotsanangura kuti sei mimwe mitauro ichisimudzirwa semitauro yepamutemo nepo mitauro yemuno ichisaririra. Izvi zvinobatsirawo kuongorora kuti hutongi hwenyika, kuvaka nyika, uye kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose zvinoumba sei mamiriro emitauro. Vaongorori vanowanzoongorora hurukuro dzenhau, mitemo yehurumende, maitiro ezvikoro, uye zvakaitika kune vatauri vemitauro mishoma kuti vaone kuti kusaenzana kunodzokororwa sei kuburikidza nemutauro—kana kuti kunodzorwa kuburikidza nekuvandudza mutauro uye mafambiro ekuzivikanwa.
8. Kushanda, Kuzivikanwa, uye Maitiro
Dzidziso yekushanda—yakanyanya kukanganiswa nevafungi vakaita saJudith Butler muzvidzidzo zvevakadzi nevarume—inotaura nezvepfungwa yekuti hunhu hachisi chinhu "chakagadziriswa," asi chinogadzirwa kuburikidza nezviito zvinodzokororwa, kusanganisira tsika dzemutauro. Mukudzidza nezvemitauro, kudzidza maitiro kunoongorora kuti vatauri vanosarudza sei marejista akasiyana, slang, mutauro wakasanganiswa, kana matauriro kuti "vazviratidze" ivo pachavo: sevechidiki, vehunyanzvi, vechitendero, vemazuva ano, vetsika, nezvimwewo.
Maitiro aya akakosha zvikuru pakuongorora zviitiko zvemumaguta nezvedhijitari: kusanganisa makodhi, slang, memes, uye mhando dzemitauro yesocial media. Mutauro unonzwisiswa senzira yekuvaka hunhu hwevanhu uye masocial network. Saka, kuzivikanwa kunoonekwa sekuchinjika uye kunokurukuriranwa, kwete kungotaura chete.
9. Kusiyanisa Kwemitauro Nevanhu
Kunyange hazvo mitauro yemagariro evanhu ichiwanzoonekwa sechikoro chakasiyana, chikamu chetsika dzemitauro dzevanhu, ichidzidzawo kusiyana kwemitauro kune chekuita neboka revanhu, rudzi, zera, hukama hweushamwari, uye kufamba-famba. Chinhu chikuru chayo hachisi chekuti kusiyana kuripo chete, asi kuti nei kuchireva uye kuti vanhu vanokuongorora sei. Kusiyana kunoonekwa setsika yemagariro evanhu yakabatana nenhoroondo yenzvimbo, kutama, uye hukama hwemapoka.
Maitiro aya anobatsira kunzwisisa shanduko yemutauro uye kuti mamwe marudzi emitauro anokwira sei kusvika padanho rekuti "rakajairika" nepo mamwe achisarurwa. Chidzidzo ichi chinowanzo batawo nyaya dzedzidzo, kuwanikwa kwemabasa, uye rusarura.
Penutup
Dzidziso dziri mukudzidza nezvemitauro dzinoratidza kuti mutauro hauparadzaniswi nehupenyu hwevanhu. Kuwirirana kwemitauro kunobatsira kutsanangura hukama huripo pakati pemutauro nenzira dzekufungidzira nyika; chimiro chemutauro chinopa maturusi ekuverenga mutauro sehurongwa; ethnography yekutaurirana inosimbisa kukosha kwetsika; dzidziso yezviito zvekutaura inoratidza kuti kutaura zviito; ongororo yekukurukurirana inoratidza kurongeka kwemagariro evanhu padanho repamusoro; pragmatics uye indexicality zvinotsanangura zvinoreva magariro evanhu zviri musarudzo dzemitauro; pfungwa dzemutauro dzinosimbisa hukuru hwesimba; nepo kuita uye manyorerwo zvichiratidza mutauro senzira yekuvaka hunhu.
Nekubatanidza dzidziso idzi, hunyanzvi hwemitauro hunogona kuongorora zvizere zviitiko zvemutauro: kubva pakukurukurirana kwezuva nezuva kusvika kumitemo yenyika, kubva patsika dzechivanhu kusvika pakutaurirana kwedhijitari. Pakupedzisira, chidzidzo ichi chinotiyeuchidza kuti kunzwisisa mutauro zvinorevawo kunzwisisa vanhu—mararamiro avo, tsika dzavanotsigira, uye hukama hwevanhu hwavanovaka.
