Matauriro neMitauro
Mutauro ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kusiyanisa vanhu nezvimwe zvisikwa. Kuburikidza nemutauro, vanhu vanoburitsa pfungwa, vanovaka hukama hwevanhu, vanopfuudza tsika, uye vanotogadzira hunhu hwemapoka. Zvisinei, mutauro haumbofi wakafanana zvachose. Mumutauro mumwe chete, tinogona kuwana musiyano mumataurirwo, kusarudzwa kwemazwi, uye kunyange maumbirwo emitsara. Misiyano iyi inobva yazivikanwa kuburikidza nepfungwa mbiri dzakakosha mumitauro nemitauro: mutauro nekusiyana kwemitauro. Zviviri izvi zvinowanzoenzaniswa, asi zvine kusimbiswa kwakasiyana.
Tsanangudzo yeDialect
Kazhinji, mutauro wemutauro unoshandiswa neboka revatauri, rinowanzobatanidzwa nenzvimbo kana mamiriro emagariro evanhu. Matauriro anoramba ari mukati memutauro mumwe chete, asi ane hunhu hwakasiyana hunoasiyanisa nemamwe mitauro. Hunhu uhwu hunogona kuonekwa mumataurirwo (phonology), sarudzo yemazwi (lexicon), uye dzimwe nguva girama (morphology uye syntax).
MuIndonesia, mienzaniso yemitauro inowanikwa nyore nyore nekuda kwenzvimbo yayo yakakura uye kusiyana kwemadzinza. ChiIndonesia chinotaurwa muJakarta chinowanzoonekwa seine "mutauro weJakarta," semuenzaniso, kuburikidza nekushandisa mazwi akadai se "gue," "lu," "gak," uye mataurirwo akasiyana neemamwe matunhu. Panguva imwecheteyo, muSumatra kana Sulawesi, mataurirwo uye mataurirwo echiIndonesia zvinogona kunzwika zvakasiyana, kunyangwe mutauri wacho akagona mutauro weIndonesia wakajairika.
Matauriro haasi "mitauro isina kururama." Iwo akasiyana-siyana epamutemo uye echisikigo. Kazhinji, matauriro anoshanda sezviratidzo zvekuzivikanwa kwevanhu. Kwakabva munhu kunogona kuzivikanwa kubva mumitsara mishomanana chete, uye izvi zvinowanzosimudzira kunzwa kwepedyo kana kubatana pakati pevatauri vemutauro mumwe chete.
Mhando dzeMatauro
Matauriro emutauro anogona kusiyaniswa zvichienderana nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana.
1. Matauriro enzvimbo (edunhu)
Matauriro aya anokanganiswa nenzvimbo. Semuenzaniso, matauriro echiJavanese akasiyana pakati penzvimbo yeSolo-Yogyakarta nenzvimbo dzeEast Java. Misiyano iyi inogona kusanganisira mazwi, matauriro, kana maitiro chaiwo ekutaura.
2. Mutauro wevanhu (sociolect)
Matauriro emutauro anogonawo kubva mukusiyana kwemapoka evanhu, semuenzaniso avo vanokanganiswa nebasa, dzidzo, kana kirasi yevanhu. Mutauro unoshandiswa nenharaunda yakati, senge mutauro wevechidiki, mutauro wemusika, kana mutauro wehunyanzvi, unogona kutorwa semhando yekusiyana kwevanhu.
3. Mutauro wenguva pfupi (chronolect)
Kusiyana kwemitauro kunoitikawo nekufamba kwenguva. Vanhu vekuIndonesia mumakore ekutanga erusununguko vaive nemanyorerwo akasiyana neechiIndonesian nhasi, mukusarudza mazwi uye muchimiro chemitsara. Shanduko idzi dzinoratidza hunhu hwemutauro hunochinja-chinja.
4. Upenzi
Kuwedzera pakutaura kwemapoka, munhu wega wega ane hunhu hwakasiyana hwemutauro, hwakadai sekusarudza mazwi aanofarira, matauriro, kana manyorerwo awo. Kusiyana uku kunonzi matauriro echivanhu.
Kunzwisisa Kusiyana-siyana Kwemitauro
Kusiyana nemitauro yemitauro, iyo inowanzo taura kuti "ndiani" uye "kupi" mutauri, mhando dzemitauro dzinowanzo taura kuti "chii" uye "mumamiriro ezvinhu api" mutauro wacho unoshandiswa. Nemamwe mashoko, mhando dzemitauro kusiyana kwemutauro zvichibva pakushandiswa, chinangwa, nzira, uye mwero wetsika.
Muenzaniso wakapfava: mumwe munhu angashandisa chiIndonesian chakarongeka zvikuru paanenge achipa kana kunyora mushumo, asi achishandisa mutauro wakasununguka paanenge achitaura neshamwari dzepedyo. Mutauri mumwe chete anogona kuchinja matauriro akasiyana pasina kuchinja mutauro. Kuchinja uku kunoratidza kuchinjika mukutaurirana.
Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemitauro
Mhando dzemitauro dzinogona kupatsanurwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana.
1. Kusiyanisa kwakavakirwa padanho repamutemo
- Maitiro akajairwa (epamutemo): anoshandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairwa akadai sehurukuro dzehurumende, tsamba dzepamutemo, mapepa esainzi, kana mishumo yenhau. Maitiro aya anotevera mitemo yegirama uye yekuperetera yakabvumiranwa.
– Kusiyana-siyana kusina kurongeka: kunoshandiswa muhurukuro dzezuva nezuva. Kusiyana uku kunochinjika, kunowanzo shandisa mafomu mapfupi, uye hakutevedzere mitemo yakajairwa nguva dzose.
2. Kusiyana-siyana kwakavakirwa panhau
– Mutauro unotaurwa: unotaurwa zvakananga kuburikidza nenzwi, uchiteerera matauriro, kushushikana, kumbomira, uye chitarisiko chechiso. Mutauro unotaurwa unowanzova wepachivande uye unobvumira kudzokorora kana kugadzirisa.
- Manyorerwo akanyorwa: anotsanangurwa kuburikidza nerugwaro, achisimbisa marongerwo emitsara akatsetseka uye akabatana nekuti vaverengi havagone "kukumbira zvakananga" munyori kuti atsanangure.
3. Kusiyanisa kwakavakirwa pamunda kana basa (rejista)
Kusiyana uku kunobva mukudiwa kwemashoko nemasitayera chaiwo mumunda. Semuenzaniso:
- mhando dzemutemo (nemashoko akadai sezvinyorwa, ndima, zvisarudzo)
- mhando dzakasiyana dzekurapa (semuenzaniso kuongororwa, kurapwa, kugadziriswa)
- matekinoroji akasiyana-siyana (semuenzaniso maseva, network, masisitimu ekushanda)
4. Kusiyana-siyana kwakavakirwa pahukama huripo pakati pemutauri neanotaurirana
Pakutaura nevanhu vakuru kana vane zvinzvimbo zvepamusoro, vatauri vanowanzosarudza mutauro une hunhu hwakanaka. Kusiyana neizvi, kune vezera ravo, mutauro wacho unenge wakasununguka uye wakajairika. Mutsika dzechiIndonesia, kusarudzwa kwekutaura, senge Bapak/Ibu (Va/Mai), Mas/Mbak (Mas/Mbak), kana Kak (Hama), kunoratidzawo maitiro anodiwa.
Kusiyana pakati peMatauriro neMarudzi eMutauro
Kunyangwe zvazvo ese ari maviri akasiyana emitauro, marudzi emitauro nemitauro zvinogona kusiyaniswa pazvinhu zvinotevera:
– Diki: kusiyana kunokonzerwa nekusiyana kwevatauri (nzvimbo, magariro evanhu, nguva). Diki dzakabatana nekuzivikanwa kweboka uye dzinowanzo shandiswa kubva paudiki.
– Kusiyana kwemitauro: kusiyana kunokonzerwa nekusiyana kwekushandiswa (kwakarongeka-kusina kurongeka, kwakanyorwa nemuromo, minda chaiyo). Kusiyana kunogona kusarudzwa nemaune zvichienderana nezvinodiwa pakutaurirana.
Munhu anogona kunge aine mutauro wake, semuenzaniso, mutauro weMedan, asi anogona kushandisa mitauro yakasiyana-siyana: yepamutemo mumisangano, yekukurukurirana zvisina kurongwa, uye yehunyanzvi munzvimbo dzebasa. Izvi ndizvo zvinoita kuti kutaurirana kwevanhu kuve kwakapfuma.
Matauriro, Mhando dzeMitauro, uye Kuzivikanwa
Matauriro anowanzova zviratidzo zvekuzivikanwa, kudada kwedunhu, uye kubatana. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, matauriro anogona kusimbisa pfungwa yekuti "isu" munharaunda. Zvisinei, matauriro anogonawo kukonzera mafungiro asina kunaka, akadai sekufunga kuti mamwe matauriro anonzwika seasina kunaka kana kuti anosetsa. Izvi zvinobva mukutonga kwevanhu, kwete kubva mumhando yemutauro wacho pachawo.
Kune rumwe rutivi, kushandiswa kwemitauro yakasiyana-siyana kunoratidza kugona kwevanhu. Munhu anogona kusarudza mhando yakakodzera anoonekwa seane hunyanzvi hwakanaka hwemutauro. Izvi zvakakosha mudzidzo, kubasa, uye munharaunda yeruzhinji. Kugona kunyora mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana, semuenzaniso, kunobatsira mumwe munhu kutaura pfungwa zvakajeka uye kugamuchirwa nevakawanda.
Matambudziko neKufambira Mberi Munguva yeDigital
Munguva yesocial media, kusanganiswa kwemitauro yakasiyana-siyana kuri kuwedzera kuoneka. Vanhu vanonyora pavanenge vachitaura: muchidimbu, nekukurumidza, vazere nezvidimbu, uye dzimwe nguva vachisanganisa mitauro yemunharaunda, Indonesian, nemitauro yekune dzimwe nyika. Chiitiko ichi chinopfumisa kusiyana kwemitauro, asi zvakare chine matambudziko, akadai sekuchengetedza hunyanzvi hwemitauro hwakajairwa hwekushandisa muzvidzidzo uye zvepamutemo.
Uyezve, Indaneti yakaita kuti mamwe mitauro ipararire zvakanyanya. Semuenzaniso, mutauro weJakarta unowanzoonekwa muzvirongwa zvevaraidzo uye zvemukati zvedhijitari, zvichikanganisa maitiro emitauro yevechidiki mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Kune rumwe rutivi, izvi zvinoratidza kubatana kwenharaunda; kune rumwe rutivi, zvinogona kukonzera kushushikana nezvekusachengetedzwa kwemitauro yemuno.
Penutup
Matauriro nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana emitauro humbowo hwekuti mutauro unogara pamwe chete nevatauri vawo. Matauriro anoratidza kusiyana kwehunhu, mavambo, uye nhoroondo dzenharaunda, nepo marudzi akasiyana-siyana emitauro achiratidza kuchinjika kwemutauro kuti ugutse zvinodiwa pakutaurirana mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana. Kunzwisisa zvese izvi kunotibatsira kuva vatauri vane hanya: kunzwisisa kusiyana kwemitauro pasina kutonga, uye kukwanisa kusarudza mhando yemitauro yakakodzera kuti titaure mashoko zvinobudirira. Pakupedzisira, kusiyana kwemitauro hakusi chipingamupinyi, asi pfuma yetsika nemagariro inofanirwa kuchengetedzwa.
