Kusiyana pakati peLinguistic Anthropology neSociolinguistics
Mutauro haumbofi uripo pasina chinhu. Unogara uchishandiswa nevanhu, mukati memunharaunda, mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo, uye kune zvinangwa zvakananga. Nokudaro, kudzidza kwesainzi kwemutauro kunowanzo sangana nesainzi yemagariro evanhu—kunyanya anthropology nesociology. Minda miviri inowanzoonekwa yakafanana, kunyange ichipindirana, inyanzvi yemitauro nesociolinguistics. Dzose dzinoongorora hukama huripo pakati pemutauro nehupenyu hwevanhu, asi dzakasiyana pakutarisa, mibvunzo yekutsvagisa, tsika dzesainzi, uye nzira dzekuona "mutauro" ne "nzanga." Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura musiyano uripo pakati pezviviri izvi, pamwe chete nemienzaniso, kuti zvive nyore kunzwisisa.
Kunzwisisa Ruzivo Rwevanhu Mumitauro
Kudzidza nezvevanhu mumitauro ibazi rekudzidza nezvevanhu rinodzidza mutauro sechikamu chetsika dzevanhu. Chinangwa charo ndechekuona kuti mutauro unoumbwa sei, unoshandiswa sei, uye unodudzirwa sei mutsika dzezuva nezuva, pamwe nekuti mutauro une hukama sei nehunhu, tsika, tsika, cosmology, uye kuti nharaunda inonzwisisa sei nyika.
Mutsika dzevanhu, mutauro haungoonekwi senzira yegirama kana mazwi chete, asi setsika dzemagariro evanhu: nzira dzekutaura, maitiro ekutaura, sarudzo yemazwi, nemitemo isina kunyorwa inodzora maitiro ekutaurirana. Dzidzo yemitauro inotarisawo mamiriro enhoroondo, simba, hutongi hwevagari, kutama, uye shanduko yetsika zvinopesvedzera maitiro emitauro.
Mienzaniso yemibvunzo yemitauro yeanthropology:
- Mhando dzekukwazisana munharaunda dzinoratidza sei maumbirwo ehukama uye hutongi hwevanhu?
- Chii chinorehwa netsika dzetsika dze "kuimba nziyo", "kutaura nyaya", kana "kunyengetera" mumutauro wakasiyana?
- Mutauro wetsika unosiyana sei nemutauro wemazuva ese, uye sei nharaunda dzichiuchengetedza?
Kunzwisisa Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics ibazi remitauro rinoongorora hukama huripo pakati pemutauro nenzanga, kunyanya kutarisa kusiyana kwemitauro nezvinhu zvinoita kuti ishande. Nyanzvi dzesociolinguistics dzinowanzoongorora kuti mutauro unoshanduka kana kusiyana sei zvichienderana nezvinhu zvakaita seboka revanhu, zera, murume kana mukadzi, dzidzo, basa, dzinza, masocial network, kana mamiriro ezvinhu asina kurongeka.
Zvidzidzo zvemitauro yemagariro evanhu zvinotarisa pamaitiro ekusiyana kwemitauro uye mashandisirwo ayo munharaunda. Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvemitauro yemagariro evanhu zvinotanga nemibvunzo inoti: "Vanhu vanoshandisa mitauro yakasiyana-siyana mumamiriro api ezvinhu munharaunda?" kana kuti "Kuchinja kwemitauro kunopararira sei munharaunda?"
Mienzaniso yemibvunzo yemitauro yemagariro evanhu:
- Sei vechidiki vemumaguta vachishandisa mamwe mazwi echivanhu kakawanda kupfuura vakuru?
- Kusarudzwa kwemutauro (mitauro yeIndonesia vs. yemunharaunda) kune chekuita sei nedzidzo kana kufamba kwevanhu munharaunda?
- Matauriro emunharaunda anopesvedzera sei maonero evanhu pamusoro pevatauri (semuenzaniso, kuonekwa se "vakanaka," "vanhu vekumaruwa," kana "vane simba")?
Kusiyana muKutarisa Chidzidzo
Musiyano uri pachena uri pane chinangwa chikuru.
1. Kudzidza nezvevanhu nemitauro kunowanzoona mutauro senzira yekunzwisisa tsika: tsika, zviratidzo, tsika, uye zvinoreva zviri munharaunda. Mutauro unodzidzwa sechikamu chemararamiro evanhu vose.
2. Sociolinguistics inowanzoisa mutauro sechinhu chinoshanduka-shanduka chemutauro, yobva yabatanidza kusiyana uku nemaitiro evanhu nemamiriro ekushandiswa. Chinangwa chayo chikuru chinowanzo kutsanangura maitiro ekuchinja kwemutauro zvichienderana nezvinhu zvemagariro evanhu.
Nemamwe mashoko, hunyanzvi hwemitauro hunobvunza kuti "chii chinorehwa netsika dzematauriro evanhu?", ukuwo hunyanzvi hwesociolinguistics hunobvunza kuti "nzanga inopesvedzera sei chimiro chemutauro unoshandiswa uye kupararira kwawo?".
Kusiyana muTsika dzeSainzi uye Nhoroondo Yekuranga
Kudzidza nezvevanhu nemitauro kwakabva mutsika dzevanhu (kunyanya tsika dzevanhu), ukuwo kudzidza nezvemitauro nemagariro evanhu kwakabva mutsika dzemitauro nemagariro evanhu.
- Kudzidza nezvevanhu nemitauro kwakafanana nekudzidza nezvetsika nemagariro evanhu: kushanda nesimba kwenguva refu, kutora chikamu muhupenyu hwenharaunda, uye kududzira zvinoreva.
- Sociolinguistics inowanzoenderana nemitauro: kuyera kusiyana kweruzha, chimiro, kana sarudzo yemazwi; kugadzira mapa emitauro; kuita generalizations zvichibva padata rakakura.
Zvisinei, zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti minda miviri iyi inowanzo kwereta pfungwa kubva kune imwe neimwe. Semuenzaniso, sociolinguistics yemazuva ano inoshandisawo nzira ye ethnographic; nepo mitauro anthropology ichigonawo kuita ongororo yemutauro yakadzama.
Kusiyana muNzira dzeKutsvaga
Musiyano unotevera unoonekwa munzira dzinowanzo shandiswa.
Nzira yeRuzivo rweAnthropology
– Kuverenga mitauro yevanhu: kucherechedza nekutora chikamu muhupenyu hwemunharaunda kuti unzwisise mitemo yekutaurirana.
- Kuongororwa kwevatori vechikamu kwenguva refu.
- Kuongorora hurukuro dzinosimbisa tsika nemagariro evanhu.
- Kuunganidzwa kwengano dzechivanhu, nyaya dzetsika, tsika dzenhoroondo, uye magwaro emitauro iri munjodzi.
Mhedzisiro yacho inowanzova tsananguro dzakakora dzetsika dzemutauro netsika.
Nzira dzeKushandisa Mitauro Yevanhu
- Ongororo dzakarongwa uye kubvunzurudza kuti zviunganidzwe data kubva kuvatauri vakawanda.
- Zvidzidzo zvekusiyana-siyana: kuverenga kuwanda kwekuonekwa kwezviratidzo zvemutauro (semuenzaniso mataurirwo akasiyana) mumapoka akasiyana evanhu.
- Kugadzira mamepu emitauro uye zvidzidzo zvekuchinja kwemutauro zvine huwandu.
- Kuongorora mafungiro emutauro nenhamba.
Mugumisiro wacho unowanzova mutsauko: ndiani anoshandisa chimiro chipi, rini, uye mumamiriro ezvinhu api.
Kusiyana muZvikamu zveKuongorora
– Kudzidza nezvevanhu mumitauro kunowanzo ongorora zviitiko zvekutaurirana sechikamu chetsika: tsika, mhemberero, kutaurirana kwetsika, maitiro ekurapa echinyakare, uye kunyange maitiro ekusetsa emunharaunda. Chikamu chekuongorora chinogona kuva "chiitiko chekutaura" chakakwana netsika, vatori vechikamu, zvinangwa, uye zviratidzo zvetsika.
- Sociolinguistics inowanzoongorora kusiyana-siyana padanho remanzwi, mazwi, kana maumbirwo chaiwo: sarudzo yechirevo, kusiyana kwemataurirwo, kuchinja kwekodhi, mhando dzemitauro dzakanyoreswa-dzisina kurongeka, nezvimwewo.
Muenzaniso weKuenzanisa Nyaya
Semuenzaniso, kune tsvakurudzo pamusoro pekushandiswa kwemitauro yemunharaunda uye chiIndonesian mumusha uri kupararira mumaguta.
– Vaongorori vemitauro yemagariro evanhu vanogona kuyera: kuti vagari vanoshandisa mitauro yemuno kakawanda sei vachienzanisa neIndonesia, mapoka ezera anowanzochinja mitauro, uye kana dzidzo ichipesvedzera kusarudzwa kwemutauro.
- Vaongorori vezvemitauro vanogona kuongorora: zvinoreva mitauro yemunzvimbo iyi kuti vanhu vazivikanwe uye kuti "vanhu vemunharaunda" vanoshandiswa sei, kuti mutauro unoshandiswa sei mutsika, kuti manzwiro ekunyara kana kudada anoumbwa sei kuburikidza nezvakaitika kare, uye kuti shanduko dzemutauro dzine chekuita sei nekuchinja kwetsika uye hukama hwezvizvarwa zvakasiyana.
Vose vanokurukura zvinhu zvakafanana, asi chinangwa nekudzika kwedudziro zvinogona kusiyana.
Nzvimbo Yekusangana uye Kupindirana
Kunyange zvazvo zvakasiyana, minda iyi miviri inopindirana. Misoro yakaita sekuchinja makodhi, pfungwa dzemutauro, hunhu, uye simba zvinogona kudzidzwa nevose. Musiyano ndewekuti sociolinguistics inowanzo kusimbisa maitiro evanhu uye kupararira kwekuchinja; mitauro anthropology inonyanya kusimbisa tsika, zviratidzo, uye tsika dzezuva nezuva dzinoumba kusiyana ikoko.
Muzviitiko zvitsva, vaongorori vazhinji vari kusanganisa nzira: vachishandisa data rehuwandu kuti vagadzire musiyano, vozoshandisa ethnography kutsanangura kuti sei musiyano iwoyo uine zvaunoreva kunharaunda.
Mhedziso
Zvidzidzo zvemitauro (linguistics) nedzidzo dzemitauro (sociolinguistics) zvose zvinodzidza mutauro munharaunda, asi zvine zvazvinoreva zvakasiyana. Zvidzidzo zvemitauro (linguistics) zvinoona mutauro sechinhu chakakosha mutsika uye zvinosimbisa zvinoreva, tsika, uye mamiriro etsika. Zvidzidzo zvemitauro (sociolinguistics) zvinosimbisa kusiyana kwemitauro munharaunda, zvinhu zvemagariro evanhu zvinopesvedzera kusarudzwa kwemutauro, uye maitiro ekuchinja mutauro anogona kuonekwa zvakarongeka uye kazhinji nehuwandu.
Kunzwisisa musiyano uyu kwakakosha pakusarudza nzira chaiyo yezvinangwa zvako zvekutsvagisa: kungave uchida kududzira mutauro senzira yekuratidza tsika nehunhu, kana kuti uchida kuyera kusiyana kwemitauro uye hukama hwayo nemagariro evanhu. Pakupedzisira, zvese zvinoenderana pakutsanangura chimwe chinhu: mutauro igirazi uye chishandiso chekuumba hupenyu hwevanhu.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kubatsira nekuwedzera mienzaniso yekutsvagisa muIndonesia, runyorwa rwevanhu vakakosha nedzidziso dziri muchikamu chimwe nechimwe, kana nekuunganidza chinyorwa ichi muchimiro chepepa redzidzo chakazadzwa nesumo-nzira-hurukuro-mhedziso uye mabhuku ekuverenga.
