Ethnography yeKutaurirana muZvidzidzo zveMitauro
Kutaurirana netsika dzevanhu inzira inokosha yekudzidza mutauro iyo inoisa mutauro sechikamu chakakosha chehupenyu hwevanhu netsika. Kusiyana nezvidzidzo zvemitauro zvinongotarisa chimiro chemutauro chete—sefoni, chimiro, kana masikisi—kutaurirana netsika dzevanhu kunotarisa kuti mutauro unoshandiswa sei nevanhu vemunharaunda mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo. Nzira iyi inotenda kuti kuti vanzwisise zvinoreva kutaura, vaongorori havafanirwe kungoongorora chimiro chemitsara chete asiwo kunzwisisa kuti ndiani ari kutaura, kuna ani, mumamiriro api, nechinangwa chipi, uye zvichienderana netsika dziripo.
Tsanangudzo uye Nhoroondo
Izwi rekuti "ethnography yekutaurirana" rinonyanya kuenderana nebasa raDell Hymes muma1960 nema1970. Hymes akatsoropodza mitauro yepamutemo semaonero akamanikana, achiregeredza mativi emagariro evanhu ekushandiswa kwemutauro. Akaunza pfungwa yehunyanzvi hwekutaurirana, iyo inoreva kugona kwemunhu kwete kungogadzira mitsara yakarurama yegirama chete asiwo kuishandisa nemazvo uye zvakakodzera munharaunda. Kubva pamaonero aya, ethnography yekutaurirana yakatanga sekudzidza maitiro ekutaurirana mukati metsika yakati.
Muchidimbu, ethnography yekutaurirana inogona kunzwisiswa sechidzidzo chemhando yepamusoro chinoongorora maitiro ekutaurirana munharaunda: zvinoonekwa sekutaura kwakanaka, kuti mitemo yekutaura inosimbiswa sei, mhando dzezviitiko zvekutaura zvakakosha, uye kuti hunhu hwevanhu uye hukama hwesimba zvinoratidzwa sei mumutauro.
Chinangwa Chekudzidza: Mutauro Setsika Yemagariro Evanhu
Mukutaura nezvetsika dzevanhu, mutauro unonzwisiswa senzira yekudyidzana nevanhu. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mutauro hausi chishandiso chekutumira ruzivo chete, asiwo inzira yekuvaka hukama, kuratidza chinzvimbo, kuratidza hunhu hwakanaka, kutaurirana, uye kunyange kuvanza zvinangwa. Semuenzaniso, kutaura kwemunhu nemumwe munhu kunogona kuratidza zviratidzo zvekusawirirana, ruremekedzo, kuva pedyo, kana kuti tsika. Mune dzimwe nzanga, kushandiswa kwemashoko ehukama akadai sekuti "Pakde," "Tete," "Kak," kana "Mas" haisi nyaya yekutaurirana chete asiwo inzira yekuronga hukama hwevanhu.
Chidzidzo ichi chakawanawo kuti "chirevo" chimwe chete chinogona kusiyana zvichienderana netsika. Mashoko anoonekwa seakananga uye echokwadi mune imwe nzvimbo anogona kuonekwa seasina hunhu mune imwe nzvimbo. Kusiyana neizvi, nzira isina kunanga yekuratidza kutsoropodza inogona kunzwisiswa seine hunhu hwakanaka mune imwe tsika asi ichionekwa seisina kugadzikana mune imwe.
Zvikamu zvekuongorora mukutaurirana kweEthnography
Ethnography yekutaurirana inodzidza kutaurirana kuburikidza nezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana kana mazinga ekuongorora. Kazhinji, vaongorori vanosiyanisa pakati pe:
1. Nharaunda yekutaura: boka revanhu rine tsika dzinoshandiswa mumutauro. Nharaunda yekutaura haisi nguva dzose yakafanana nenharaunda yemitauro; mapoka maviri anogona kushandisa mutauro mumwe chete asi aine tsika dzakasiyana dzekutaura.
2. Mamiriro ekutaura: mamiriro ezvinhu akajairika anoitika kutaurirana, semuenzaniso misangano yemumusha, makirasi echikoro, mhemberero dzechivanhu, kana kutaurirana pamusika.
3. Chiitiko chekutaura: chiitiko chekutaurirana chakarongeka chine chinangwa chaicho, semuenzaniso maitiro ekukumbira rubatsiro, musangano wedare retsika, mharidzo yeChishanu, kana hurukuro yeboka.
4. Mabasa ekutaura: zviito zvemutauro mudiki zvakaita sekukumbira, kurayira, kurumbidza, kuramba, kutaura zvinhu zvisiri izvo, kana kuvimbisa.
Nekuronga nhanho idzi, vaongorori vanogona kuona chimiro chekutaurirana munharaunda nenzira yakarongeka.
Muenzaniso wekutaura kubva kuna Dell Hymes
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakapihwa naDell Hymes mukudzidza mitauro yevanhu inyanzvi yekuongorora inozivikanwa seSpeaking model. Iyi modhi inobatsira vaongorori kuongorora zvinhu zvakakosha pachiitiko chekutaura:
– S (Mamiriro neChiitiko): nzvimbo, nguva, uye mamiriro ezvinhu ekutaurirana.
– P (Vatori vechikamu): mapato anobatanidzwa (mutauri, mumwe wevanotaura naye, vateereri), kusanganisira mabasa avo munharaunda.
– E (Magumo): zvinangwa nemigumisiro inotarisirwa yekutaurirana.
– A (Kutevedzana kwezviito): kutevedzana kwezviito kana kufamba kwekutaura (kuti hurukuro inotanga sei, inokura sei uye inovhara sei).
– K (Kiyi): matauriro kana maitiro (zvakakomba, zvinosetsa, zvinotsvinya, zvepamutemo).
– I (Zvishandiso): nzira dzemitauro nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana (kutaura/kunyora, mutauro, mitauro yakasanganiswa, midhiya yedhijitari).
– N (Mitemo): mitemo yekudyidzana uye kududzira (zvingataurwa/zvisingataurwi, kana yava nguva yekutaura).
– G (Rudzi): rudzi rwehurukuro (hurukuro, nhetembo, makuhwa, kutaura, kutaurirana).
Kuburikidza neKUTAURA, vaongorori vanogona kutsanangura kuti nei kutaura "kune zvakunoreva" kunharaunda yakati, kwete chete zvinorehwa nemashoko acho.
Nzira Yekutsvaga: Kunyatsoongorora
Kutaurirana nemagariro evanhu kunowanzo shandisa nzira dzemhando yepamusoro dzichinyanya kukoshesa basa remumunda. Vaongorori vanoita ongororo yevatori vechikamu, kubvunzurudza kwakadzama, kunyora zvinyorwa zvemagariro evanhu, uye kunyora kutaurirana (audio/video) pese pazvinogoneka. Data rinounganidzwa haringosanganisiri chete zvinyorwa zvehurukuro asiwo zvinyorwa zvemasaini, kutaura, daro remuviri, kutevedzana kwekutaurirana, uye maitiro evatori vechikamu.
Maitiro ekuongorora anowanzo sanganisira: (1) kuziva zviitiko zvakakosha zvekutaura munharaunda, (2) kuyera tsika dzekutaurirana, (3) kuongorora nzira dzemutauro uye sarudzo dzemakodhi, uye (4) kududzirwa kwezvinoreva tsika nemagariro evanhu zvemaitiro aya ekutaurirana. Padanho rino, vaongorori vanofanirwa kunzwisisa maonero emukati (emic), kwete kungoongorora kwekunze (etic).
Kukosha muZvidzidzo zveMitauro muIndonesia
Munharaunda yeIndonesia ine mitauro yakawanda uye tsika dzakasiyana-siyana, kutaurirana kwemadzinza kune kukosha kukuru. Kusiyana kwemadzinza, matauriro, mitauro yemunharaunda, uye tsika dzakasiyana dzeruremekedzo kunoita kuti kushandiswa kwemutauro kuve kwakabatana zvikuru netsika. Semuenzaniso, sarudzo pakati pe "iwe-ini" uye "iwe-ini," kana kushandiswa kwemhando dzeruremekedzo muchiJavanese, haisi sarudzo yemitauro chete, asi sarudzo yemagariro evanhu inoratidza hutongi, zera, uye hukama hwevanhu.
Uyezve, kukura kwekutaurirana kwedhijitari kwakavhura nzira itsva dzekutsvaga. Semuenzaniso, mukukurukurirana pasocial media, tsika itsva dzinobuda, dzakadai sekushandisa maemoticons, mapfupiso, kana maitiro ekunyomba, izvo zvinogona kusiyana munharaunda dzepamhepo. Ethnography yekutaurirana inogona kubatsira kunzwisisa kuti kuzivikanwa nekubatana zvinovakwa sei kuburikidza nemutauro munzvimbo dzedhijitari, pamwe nekuti kusawirirana kwekutaurirana kunogona sei kubuda nekuda kwekusiyana kwekududzirwa kwetsika.
Mabhenefiti eKutaurirana Nezvetsika Dzevanhu
Maitiro aya anobatsira muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana. Mukudzidzisa mitauro, ethnography yekutaurirana inobatsira vadzidzisi kunzwisisa kuti "kutaura zvakanaka" hakusi kungotaura girama chete, asiwo kugona kusarudza matauriro akakodzera. Mukutaurirana pakati petsika dzakasiyana, maitiro aya anoita basa rekudzivirira kusanzwisisana nekuda kwekusiyana kwemitemo yekutaura. Muzvidzidzo zvemitauro yemagariro evanhu, ethnography yekutaurirana inovandudza ongororo yekusiyana kwemitauro nekusimbisa mabasa ayo munharaunda.
Munyaya yemutemo weveruzhinji, zvakawanikwa kubva mukudzidza nezvemagariro evanhu zvinogona kushandiswa kugadzira mapurogiramu ekuverenga nekunyora anoshanda zvakanyanya, mabasa everuzhinji, kana kutaurirana kwehutano. Semuenzaniso, mataurirwo eruzivo rwehutano munharaunda yakati angangoda kuchinjika kumaitiro ehurumende yemuno, marudzi ekutaura akavimbika, uye nzira dzemutauro dzinoonekwa sedzakanaka.
Penutup
Kunyora mitauro yemitauro muzvidzidzo zvemitauro kunopa maonero akazara: mutauro unonzwisiswa sechiito chemagariro evanhu chinogara chakasungwa netsika. Nekuongorora maitiro ekutaurirana mukati menharaunda dzekutaura, nzira iyi inotibatsira kunzwisisa kuti kutaurirana kunobudirira hakungoonekwi chete nekururama kwegirama asiwo nekodzero dzemagariro evanhu, tsika, uye tsika dzekudyidzana. Munharaunda iri kuramba ichisiyana-siyana uye yakabatana, kunyora mitauro yemitauro kwakakosha pakunzwisisa mafambiro emitauro nenzira ine hunhu, mamiriro ezvinhu, uye yakakodzera muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
Kana muchida, ndinogonawo kuwedzera mienzaniso yezvidzidzo (semuenzaniso ethnography yekutaurirana mumitambo yechivanhu, mukirasi, kana hurukuro dzepasocial media) kuti chinyorwa chive chakajeka uye chive pedyo nemashoko chiuru nemazvo.
