Mutauro uye Kuvaka Kuzivikanwa Kwevanhu
Mutauro hausi kungoshandisa ruzivo chete. Muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, mutauro unoshanda sechiratidzo chekuti tiri vanaani, tinobva kupi, mapoka evanhu atinosangana nawo, uye tsika dzatinonyanya kukosha. Matauriro anoita munhu—kusarudza mazwi, matauriro, maitiro, uye kunyange mutauro wakasiyana-siyana unoshandiswa—anowanzoverengwa se“kuzivikanwa” nevamwe. Nokudaro, mutauro haungoratidzi chete kuzivikanwa kwevanhu asiwo unobatsira kuuumba nekutaurirana. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora kuti mutauro unoita sei basa mukuvaka kuzivikanwa kwevanhu, padanho remunhu nerenharaunda, uye kuti hukama hwesimba nekuchinja kwevanhu zvinopesvedzera sei maitiro aya.
Mutauro sechiratidzo chekuva nhengo yemagariro evanhu
Munzanga, kuzivikanwa kwevanhu kunowanzobatanidzwa nekuva nhengo yeboka rakati: rudzi, kirasi yevanhu, chitendero, chizvarwa, basa, kana nharaunda yezvinovaraidza. Mutauro ndeimwe yezviratidzo zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa. Munhu anotaura mutauro wakati anogona kusanganiswa nedunhu raakabva. Semuenzaniso, matauriro echiJavanese, Batak, Minang, kana Malay anowanzo kukonzera fungidziro pamusoro petsika, nzira dzekutaurirana, uye kunyange mamwe mafungiro asina kunaka. Muchirevo ichi, mutauro unoshanda se "kadhi rekuzivikanwa" revanhu rinoverengwa kuburikidza nemanzwi uye sarudzo yemazwi.
Zvisinei, mazita aya haasi ega nguva dzose. Kana mumwe mutauro uchionekwa sewakanyatsogadziriswa, "wemazuva ano," kana "wakangwara" kupfuura mumwe, kutonga kwevanhu kunoitika. Mhando yemutauro inotonga—semuenzaniso, mutauro wenyika mumamiriro ezvinhu epamutemo—inowanzoiswa pamusoro pemitauro yemunharaunda kana yakasanganiswa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, vatauri vemhando dzakasiyana-siyana vanogona kusangana nekushorwa kana kuonekwa sevasina hunyanzvi, kunyangwe misiyano iyi yakabatana zvakanyanya netsika dzevanhu pane kugona kufunga.
Kuzivikanwa sechinhu "chinogadzirwa" kuburikidza netsika dzemutauro
Kuzivikanwa kwevanhu hakusi chinhu chakasimba chekuti munhu anongo "va ne" kubva pakuzvarwa. Kuzivikanwa kunovakwawo kuburikidza nezviito zvinodzokororwa, kusanganisira tsika dzemutauro. Kana munhu akasarudza kushandisa slang, anenge achiratidza hukama hwake netsika dzevechidiki, mufananidzo wakasununguka, uye chishuwo chekuenzana nemumwe wake wekutaura naye. Pavanochinja kuenda kumutauro wepamutemo pamusangano webasa, vanenge vachivaka hunhu hwehunyanzvi: kugona, kurongeka, uye kuremekedza hutungamiriri.
Maitiro aya anoratidza kuti hunhu hunoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu. Munhu mumwe chete anogona kuoneka se "mwana," "shamwari," "shefu," kana "nhengo yenharaunda" zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu. Mutauro unova chishandiso chakakosha chekutarisira daro revanhu: vanojairika kana kuti vepamutemo, vakaenzana kana vane hutongi, vakabatana kana vane simba. Kunyangwe sarudzo yekero, senge "iwe," "iwe," "changamire/madam," "mukoma," kana "mukoma," inogona kuchinja zvakanyanya mashandiro ehukama.
Kuchinja makodhi uye kutaurirana nezvekuzivikanwa
Munzvimbo dzine mitauro yakawanda seIndonesia, kuchinjana macode kwakajairika: vatauri vanochinjana kubva kune mumwe mutauro kuenda kune mumwe panguva yekukurukurirana. Kuchinjana macode hakusi tsika chete, asi inzira yekuzivikanwa. Mumwe munhu angashandisa mutauro wedunhu kana achida kuratidza kuva pedyo uye kunzwa semunhu ari munharaunda, ozoshandura kuenda kuIndonesian kuratidza tsika kana kusvika kune vateereri vakawanda. Munzvimbo dzemaguta, musanganiswa wechiIndonesian neChirungu unowanzo shandiswawo kuvaka hunhu hwemarudzi ose, hwedzidzo, kana "hwepasi rose".
Kutaurirana nezvekuzivikanwa kunoitika kana mumwe munhu akachinja mutauro wake kuti ukwane. Vadzidzi vanobva kumaruwa vanotamira kumaguta makuru vanogona kuderedza matauriro avo kuti vasaonekwe se "vanhu vekumaruwa," kana kuramba vachiratidza matauriro avo senzira yekudada nayo. Apa ndipo panotanga mutauro kuva chinhu chinokurukurirana: pakati pekudiwa kwekuchinja uye kudiwa kwekurarama.
Mutauro, mafungiro asina kunaka, uye hukama hwemasimba
Kukoshesa kwatinoita mutauro wevanhu kunowanzobatanidzwa nehukama hwemasimba. Mitauro yakajairika inowanzobatanidzwa nemasangano: zvikoro, hurumende, vezvenhau, nenzvimbo dzebasa. Nokudaro, vatauri vemitauro yakajairika vanowana mabhenefiti ekufananidzira—vanoonekwa sevakadzidza zvakanyanya kana kuti “vakakodzera” kutaura munzvimbo dzeveruzhinji. Panguva imwecheteyo, mhando dzisiri dzakajairika dzinowanzoiswa munzvimbo dzepachivande uye dzisina kurongeka.
Muenzaniso unooneka zviri nyore unobuda kubasa. Kubvunzurudzwa kwebasa kunowanzo simbisa kutaura kwakanaka, kwakarongeka, kunoenderana netsika dzesangano. Avo vane hunyanzvi mumaitiro aya vanoonekwa sevashandi vane hunyanzvi, kunyangwe hunyanzvi hwavo hwehunyanzvi husiri hwepamusoro. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti mutauro unogona kushanda se "mari yekubatsira vanhu" inosarudza mukana wekuwana mikana.
Hukama hwemasimba hunoonekwawo mukushandiswa kwemashoko. Mashandisirwo anoitwa mapoka evanhu—semuenzaniso, mazwi emapoka ehupfumi, mapoka evashoma, kana mabasa chaiwo—anogona kusimbisa kana kudzivirira rusarura. Kana mashoko anozvidza ashandiswa nguva dzose, nzanga inodzidza kuona boka zvisina kunaka. Kusiyana neizvi, kusarudza mazwi akaenzana kunogona kuchinja maonero everuzhinji. Nemamwe mashoko, mutauro unobatsira kuumba chokwadi chenzanga.
Murume kana Mukadzi, matauriro, uye maitiro ekuzivikanwa
Kuzivikanwa kwemurume nemukadzi kunowanzo tsanangurwa kuburikidza nemutauro. Kune zvimwe zvinotarisirwa munharaunda pamusoro pekuti varume nevakadzi "vanofanira" kutaura sei: matauriro, kusarudza mazwi, hunhu hwakanaka, uye kunyange kutaura manzwiro. Mune dzimwe tsika, vakadzi vanotarisirwa kuva vakangwarira uye vasina kunanga, nepo varume vachionekwa sevanonyanya kushinga kana kuti vanopikisana. Izvi zvinotarisirwa hazvitevedzwi nemuviri, asi pane kudzidziswa kwemagariro evanhu.
Zvisinei, tsika dzemutauro dzinogonawo kuva nzvimbo yekupikisa. Munhu angasarudza nzira yekutaura inopikisa tsika dzepabonde, senge mukadzi achitaura zvine simba paruzhinji kana murume achishandisa mazwi ane hunyoro. Muchirevo ichi, mutauro unova danho rekuita: hunhu hahungoratidzwi chete asiwo "hunotevedzwa" uye hunoedzwa kuti huvepo here pavanhu.
Midhiya yemagariro evanhu uye kuzivikanwa kwedhijitari
Munguva yedhijitari, mutauro uri kuramba uchikosha mukuumba hunhu. Pasocial media, vanhu vanogadzira hunhu kuburikidza nekunyora mashoko, makomendi, sarudzo dzeemoji (kunyangwe zvisiri nguva dzose), kusetsa, uye maitiro avanoita kumatambudziko. Kushandisa mamwe mazwi echinyakare kunogona kuratidza kubatana netsika yakati; kushandiswa kwemashoko edzidzo kunogona kuratidza mufananidzo wepfungwa; uye kushandiswa kwemashoko ekukurudzira kunogona kusimbisa hunhu semunhu anofarira kuzvivandudza.
Zvinofadza kuti, hunhu hwedhijitari hunowanzo chinja-chinja. Vanhu vanogona kuchinja matauriro avo zvichienderana nepuratifomu: yepamutemo paLinkedIn, yakajairika paInstagram, pfupi uye yakajeka paX, kana nyaya pablog. Uyezve, maalgorithms netsika dzeinternet zvinopesvedzerawo mutauro unoonekwa se "unotonhorera," "une basa," kana "unokodzera kupararira kwehutachiona." Hunhu hwemagariro evanhu hunoumbwa kwete chete nenharaunda dzemuviri asiwo nenharaunda dzepamhepo uye pfungwa dzehupfumi hwekutarisa.
Mitauro yemunzvimbo, kumutsidzirwa, uye kudada nekuzivikanwa
Mitauro yemunzvimbo inoita basa rakakosha sekutakura ndangariro dzevanhu vose: ngano, tsika dzechinyakare, kusetsa kwemunzvimbo, uye maonero akasiyana. Kana mutauro wemunzvimbo ukadzikira muvanhu vanotaura, kuzivikanwa kwenharaunda kunogona kutyisidzirwa. Kune rumwe rutivi, mafambiro ekuvandudza mutauro—kuburikidza nedzidzo, vagadziri vezvinyorwa, mimhanzi, kana mafirimu—anogona kusimbisa kudada kwemunzvimbo.
Kudada nemitauro yemunzvimbo iyi kwakabatanawo nezvematongerwo enyika ekuzivikanwa. Kana mitauro yemuno ikapihwa nzvimbo munhau nemasangano, vatauri vayo vanonzwa kuti kuzivikanwa kwavo kwazivikanwa. Izvi hazvisi nyaya yekutaurirana chete, asiwo yekuremekedza uye kuvapo kwechiratidzo munyika ine vanhu vakawanda.
Penutup
Mutauro ndeimwe yenzira dzakasimba kwazvo dzekuumba hunhu hwevanhu. Unoratidza kuva nhengo yeboka, unotaurirana nezvenzvimbo muhukama hwevanhu, uye unoshanda senzvimbo yekurwira zvinoreva uye simba. Hunhu hwevanhu hausi kunze kwemutauro; hunogara kuburikidza netsika dzemitauro dzinogara dzichichinja zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, masangano, midhiya, uye mafambiro enharaunda. Nekunzwisisa basa remutauro mukuvaka hunhu hwevanhu, tinogona kunzwisisa kusiyana-siyana, kuderedza rusarura, uye kuvaka nzvimbo dzekutaurirana dzakaenzana uye dzinobatanidza. Pakupedzisira, matauriro edu haangoratidzi chete kuti tiri vanaani asiwo anobatsira kuona rudzi rwenzanga yatiri kuumba pamwe chete.
