Mitauro uye Maitiro Evanhu
Mutauro chimwe chezviratidzo zvinoonekwa zvikuru zvehupenyu hwevanhu sevanhu vane magariro evanhu. Kuburikidza nemutauro, vanhu havangotauri ruzivo chete asiwo vanovaka hukama, vanotaurirana nezvekuzivikanwa, vanoratidza mafungiro, uye vanodzora daro revanhu. Muhurukuro yega yega, kusarudzwa kwemashoko, matauriro, uye kunyange maonero anoita munhu kune mumwe munhu zvinowanzova nemusoro kupfuura zviri mumutsara wacho pachawo. Apa ndipo panosangana mutauro netsika dzevanhu: seti yemitemo isina kunyorwa inotungamira maitiro emunhu munharaunda.
Mutauro segirazi uye muumbi wetsika
Maitiro evanhu anosanganisira tsika, tsika, uye zvinotarisirwa zvakafanana zviri munharaunda. Maitiro evanhu anotungamira vanhu kuitira kuti zviito zvavo zvienderane nezvinodiwa nevanhu vose: hunhu, tsika dzakanaka, kuremekedza vakuru, uye kunyange miganhu maererano nezvinoonekwa sezvakakodzera uye zvisina kukodzera kutaura. Mutauro une basa rakapetwa kaviri mumaitiro. Chekutanga, mutauro unoshanda segirazi remaitiro nekuti matauriro evanhu anoratidza tsika dzavanotsigira. Chechipiri, mutauro unobatsirawo mukuumba maitiro nekuti maitiro ekutaura anodzokororwa anova maitiro evanhu ayo pakupedzisira anoonekwa se "akajairika."
Semuenzaniso, kukwazisa mumwe munhu paunosangana kana kutanga hurukuro hakusi kungotevedzera mutemo chete, asi chiratidzo chekubvuma kuti mumwe munhu aripo. Mutsika zhinji dzemuIndonesia, kukundikana kukwazisa mumwe munhu kunogona kuonekwa sekutonhora, kuzvikudza, kana kusaremekedza. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti tsika dzevanhu dzakadzika mumutauro, kunyangwe mune chimwe chinhu chakareruka sekukwazisa.
Hunhu hwakanaka uye hutongi hwevanhu
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyatsobatanidza mutauro netsika dzevanhu chinoonekwa mupfungwa yeruremekedzo. Ruremekedzo inzira yekuchengetedza manzwiro, chiremerera, uye nyaradzo yemunhu wauri kutaura naye. Munzvimbo dzinokoshesa hutungamiriri—zvichienderana nezera, chinzvimbo, kana chinzvimbo—ruremekedzo runova chishandiso chekuratidza ruremekedzo.
MuIndonesia, ruremekedzo runowanzo ratidzwa kuburikidza nekusarudza kero, senge "Changamire/Madam," "Mas/Mbak," "Sis," "VaRT," kana "Mai Chiremba." Vanhu ava vanotaurirwa navo vanoratidza chinzvimbo munharaunda uye daro rehukama. Mirairo inowanzo nyoroveswa kuita zvikumbiro: pachinzvimbo chekuti "Vharai gonhi," inowanzo nyoroveswa kuita "Mungavhara gonhi here?" kana kuti "Ndiregerereiwo, ndingavhara gonhi here?" Kazhinji pano ndekwekuremekedza kuzvitonga kwevamwe: kana daro kana musiyano wezvinzvimbo uripo, ndipo panonyanya kudiwa kunyorovesa kutaura.
Kune rumwe rutivi, mutauro unogonawo kusimbisa kuva pedyo. Muushamwari hwepedyo, vanhu vanowanzoshandisa mutauro wakasununguka, mupfupi, uye kunyange wekusetsa. Zvisinei, kuchine miganhu inofanira kuchengetwa. Jee rinoonekwa serisingawanzoitiki mune rimwe boka rinogona kuonekwa serisina hunhu mune rimwe. Izvi zvinoreva kuti tsika dzemagariro evanhu dzinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu—dzinonyanya kutsamira pakuti ndiani ari kutaura, kuna ani, kupi, uye mumamiriro ezvinhu api.
Mhando dzemitauro: yepamutemo, isiri yepamutemo, uye yedunhu
Mapoka evanhu vanotaura mitauro yakawanda seIndonesia anoratidza kuti mutauro netsika dzevanhu zvakabatana zvakanyanya kuburikidza nekusiyana kwemitauro. Mumamiriro ezvinhu epamutemo—misangano, tsamba dzepamutemo, kutaurirana kwemasangano—mitemo inoda kuti mutauro wechiIndonesia ushandiswe zviri pamutemo. Maumbirwo emitsara, kusarudzwa kwemashoko, uye kururama kwemashoko zvakakosha pakuvimbika nehunyanzvi.
Kusiyana neizvi, mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kujairika, kutaura zvisina kurongwa kunonyanya kutaurwa. Kusanganisa macode pakati pechiIndonesia, mitauro yemunharaunda, uye slang kwakajairika. Kushandiswa kwemitauro yeJavanese, Sundanese, Minang, Bugis, nemimwe haingoshandi senzira yekutaurirana chete asiwo sechiratidzo chekuzivikanwa uye kubatana. Kana mumwe munhu "achinjira" kumutauro wenharaunda pakati pehurukuro, kazhinji inzira yekudyidzana: kuvaka hukama hwepedyo, kuratidza kwakabva zvakafanana, kana kugadzira mamiriro emunhu.
Zvisinei, kusiyana kwemitauro kunogonawo kukonzera rusarura. Tsika dzisina kunyorwa dziripo mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzevanhu dzinoti mamwe marudzi emitauro "akanyatsogadziriswa" kana kuti "ekumaruwa." Kutonga kwakadaro kunoratidza kuti mutauro hausi wezvematongerwo enyika; wakazara nezviri mukati mevanhu. Nokudaro, kunzwisisa tsika dzemagariro evanhu zvinorevawo kuziva rusaruro runogona kunge rwuripo mukuongorora kwenharaunda kusiyana kwemitauro.
Matauriro asina kunaka, mazwi anotsauranisa, uye miganhu yekutaura
Tsika dzevanhu dzinotongawo zvinotaurwa nezvisingagamuchirwi. Nzanga yega yega ine nyaya dzisingabvumirwi, dzakadai sepabonde, hutano hwemuviri, rufu, kana kusawirirana kwemhuri. Kana nyaya yacho ichinzi inonetsa, mutauro unopa nzira dzekuchengetedza kutaurirana, imwe nzira iri kuburikidza nekushandisa mazwi echiremerera: kusarudza izwi rakapfava kana risinganyatsojeka.
Semuenzaniso, pachinzvimbo chekuti "afa," vanhu vanowanzoti "afa," "afa," kana kuti "haasipo." Panzvimbo pekuti "asina basa," vanhu vangati "vachitsvaga mikana" kana "havasi kushanda." Mazwi eruremekedzo anoratidza kuti tsika dzeruremekedzo netsitsi dzinopesvedzera sei kusarudzwa kwemashoko. Zvisinei, mazwi eruremekedzo anogonawo kushandiswa kuvanza chokwadi kana kuvharidzira mutoro, semuenzaniso mumutauro wehurumende une mashoko akawanda. Apa ndipo pakakosha kuenzana pakati peruremekedzo nekujeka.
Mutauro munzvimbo yedhijitari: tsika itsva, kusawirirana kutsva
Kuwanda kwenhau dzemagariro evanhu kwakachinja mamiriro emitauro. Munzvimbo yedhijitari, kutaurirana kunokurumidza, kwakapfupika, uye kazhinji kusina zviratidzo zvisina kutaura zvakaita sechiso kana matauriro. Nekuda kweizvozvo, meseji isina kwayakarerekera inogona kuverengwa seisina hunhu. Maitiro edhijitari akachinjawo: kushandiswa kwemavara makuru kunogona kuonekwa se "kushevedzera," mhinduro pfupi zvakanyanya inoonekwa seyakatonhora, uye kunonoka kupindura meseji kunogona kutsanangurwa sekuregeredza.
Kune rumwe rutivi, kusazivikanwa kweinternet kunoita kuti vamwe vanhu vade kutyora mitemo yetsika dzakanaka. Kutaura ruvengo, kushungurudza vanhu paindaneti, kana kutaura zvinonyadzisa zviri nyore kusangana nazvo. Apa ndipo panotanga tsika itsva muchimiro che "tsika dzepaindaneti": kusagovana ruzivo rwemunhu, kusatuka, kusimbisa ruzivo, uye kuremekedza kusiyana. Mumagariro evanhu, mitemo iyi yedhijitari ichiri kukurukurwa, sezvo mutsetse uri pakati perusununguko rwekutaura uye mutoro wevanhu unowanzo svibiswa.
Mutauro senzira yekubatanidza nekubvisa vamwe
Mutauro unogona zvakare kuva chishandiso chekubatanidza kana kubvisa. Mazwi emukati—slang yemunharaunda, jargon yehunyanzvi, kana mapfupiso chaiwo—anogona kugadzira pfungwa yenharaunda pakati penhengo dzeboka. Zvisinei, kune vari kunze, mutauro wakadaro unogona kuva chipingamupinyi. Mukushandiswa kwebasa reveruzhinji, kushandiswa kwemashoko akaomarara ehunyanzvi kunogona kuita kuti vanhu vanzwe sevashoma kana vasina simba. Naizvozvo, tsika dzehunyanzvi dzinoda kushandiswa kwemutauro unonzwisisika zviri nyore, kunyanya pakubata neveruzhinji.
Chimwe chinhu chinonyanya kukosha mutauro unobatanidza vanhu vose: nzira yekutaura isingaderedze mapoka akasiyana zvichibva pakusiyana kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi, kuremara, rudzi, chitendero, kana mamiriro emagariro evanhu. Tsika dzemazuva ano dzemagariro evanhu dziri kuchinja dzichienda pakuenzana kukuru. Munzvimbo dzakawanda, majee aimboonekwa seanogamuchirwa iye zvino ari kubvunzwa seanosimudzira mafungiro evanhu. Kuchinja uku kunoratidza kuti tsika dzemagariro evanhu hadzina kugadzika; dzinochinja sezvo pfungwa dzevanhu vose dzichichinja.
Penutup
Mutauro netsika dzemagariro evanhu zvakabatana zvikuru. Mutauro ndiwo musimboti wetsika dzemagariro: kuburikidza nawo, nzanga inodzidzisa tsika, inotsigira hutongi, inovaka kubatana, uye inoisa miganhu yekukodzera. Kusiyana neizvi, tsika dzemagariro evanhu dzinoumba mutauro: kusarudza mhando dzakasarudzwa, mazwi anofungidzirwa kuti akakodzera, uye nzira dzekutaurirana dzinoshandiswa mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana. Kunzwisisa hukama uhwu kunotibatsira kutaurirana zvinobudirira uye nekunzwisisa zvakanyanya mamiriro ezvinhu. Pakupedzisira, mutauro hausi wekungoruramisa girama chete, asiwo wekukodzera kwevanhu—uye kukodzera kwevanhu ndiko kunochengetedza hukama muhupenyu hwevanhu vose.
