Basa reMutauro Mukuumbwa kweKuzivikanwa Kwevanhu
Mutauro hausi kungori nzira yekutaurirana yekutumira ruzivo. Muhupenyu hwevanhu, mutauro unoshanda sechiratidzo chekuti tiri vanaani, tiri veboka ripi, uye kuti tine tsika dzipi. Matauriro anoita munhu—kubva pakusarudza mazwi, matauriro, mutauro, kusvika kumarudzi akasiyana-siyana emutauro unoshandiswa—anowanzo shanda se "kadhi rekuzivikanwa" rinoverengwa nevamwe. Nokudaro, mutauro unoita basa rakakosha mukuumbwa kwehunhu hwevanhu, hunhu hunobuda kuburikidza nehukama hwedu nenzvimbo yedu, mapoka, uye marongerwo emagariro evanhu akatipoteredza.
Mutauro sechiratidzo chekuva nhengo yeboka
Kuzivikanwa kwevanhu kwakabatana zvikuru nepfungwa yekuve munhu werudzi rumwe chete. Kana munhu achishandisa mutauro wemunharaunda wakadai seJavanese, Sundanese, Minangkabau, Bugis, kana Batak, haangotauri chete zvinoreva mutauro wacho asiwo anosimbisa kubatana kwake nenharaunda yakati. Matauriro emunharaunda, matauriro, uye mazwi zvinogona kuratidza kwakabva nzvimbo nenzvimbo uye tsika. Mukukurukurirana kwezuva nezuva, zviratidzo izvi zvinogona kukurudzira kubatana: vanhu vanowanzonzwa vari pedyo nevaya vanotaura mutauro mumwe chete.
Zviitiko zvakafanana zvinoitika mune mamwe mapoka evanhu. Matauriro evechidiki, mazwi evanoda zvekutamba, kana mazwi ehunyanzvi (semuenzaniso, mazwi ekurapa, emutemo, kana etekinoroji) anova rudzi rwe "kodhi" inobatsira kutaurirana kweboka uye inovasiyanisa nevekunze. Kana mumwe munhu achinyatsogona kutaura mutauro wakasiyana, anoonekwa se "chikamu" cheboka, nepo kusajairana nemashoko akafanana kunogona kumuisa panzvimbo yekutanga kana kuti yekunze.
Kusiyana-siyana kwemitauro uye maumbirwo emagariro evanhu
Mukudzidza mitauro yemagariro evanhu, kusiyana kwemitauro kwakabatana zvakanyanya nekupatsanurwa kwevanhu munharaunda. Mhando dzemitauro yepamutemo dzinowanzobatanidzwa nemamiriro ezvinhu epamutemo, dzidzo, uye masangano, nepo mhando dzisina kurongeka kana dzisina kurongeka dzichinyanya kushandiswa muushamwari nemhuri. Sarudzo idzi dzemitauro hadzina divi radzinotsigira, sezvo dzichigona kuratidza chinzvimbo chemunhu munharaunda uye nzira dzekuvaka mufananidzo wake.
Semuenzaniso, kushandisa mutauro wechiIndonesian mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu kunogona kuva nzira yekuratidza kugona, hunyanzvi, kana simba. Kusiyana neizvi, kushandisa mutauro wakasununguka kunogona kuva nzira yekuratidza kuva pedyo uye kuenzana. Munzvimbo dzeveruzhinji, munhu angasarudza kuchinja maitiro ake ekutaura kuti "akwane" nevateereri - maitiro anowanzonzi kuchinja maitiro. Kugadzirisa uku hakusi kwekungova neruremekedzo chete, asiwo nezvehunhu: "tinozviratidza" zvakasiyana zvichienderana nebasa redu munharaunda.
Mutauro senzira yekuratidza hunhu hwemadzinza netsika
Mutauro wakabatana zvikuru netsika. Hunhu hwakawanda hwenharaunda, tsika, uye maonero ehupenyu zviri mumashoko, tsumo, uye masisitimu ekukwazisana. Semuenzaniso, muchiJavanese, nhanho dzekutaura (ngoko, krama) dzinoratidza pfungwa dzekuremekedza uye hutongi hwemagariro evanhu. Mumitauro yakasiyana-siyana yedunhu muIndonesia, masisitimu ekukwazisana anotsanangura hukama hwehukama, zvichiratidza kukosha kwehukama hwemhuri nenharaunda.
Kana mutauro wakachengetedzwa pakati pemitauro yenyika kana yepasi rose, maitiro acho anowanzo tsanangurwa sekuedza kuchengetedza hunhu hwetsika. Kusiyana neizvi, kana mitauro yemuno ikatanga kusashandiswa zvakanyanya nevechidiki, kunetseka kunomuka nezvekurasikirwa nehunhu hwetsika. Nharaunda zhinji dzinoona kuvandudzwa kwemutauro sechikamu chekurwira kuchengetedza chiremerera chetsika nekugara kwenguva refu. Saka, mutauro haungoratidzi hunhu hwedzinza chete asiwo unova nzvimbo yakakosha yezvematongerwo enyika etsika.
Kuzivikanwa kwemurume nemukadzi uye mutauro
Mutauro une basawo mukuumba nekuratidza hunhu hwemurume nemukadzi. Matauriro edu anowanzo batanidzwa nepfungwa dzevanhu pamusoro pehunhu hwemurume nehupombwe—semuenzaniso, pfungwa yekuti vakadzi "vanofanira" kutaura zvinyoro nyoro, kana kuti varume "vanofanira" kutaura zvakasimba uye zvakananga. Kunyange hazvo mafungiro aya asiri echokwadi nguva dzose uye anogona kuganhurira, chokwadi ndechekuti tsika dzakadaro dzevanhu dzinopesvedzera maitiro evanhu kutaura zvavanofunga.
Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, kusarudzwa kwemashoko uye manyorerwo emutauro zvinogona kushandiswa kuratidza hunhu hwemunhurume kana kuramba tsika dziripo. Semuenzaniso, kushandiswa kwemashoko asina chekuita nehunhu hwemunhurume kana kuramba mazwi anozvidza kunogona kuva zviito zvemutauro zvine kukosha munharaunda. Kuchinja kwemitauro munyaya dzehunhu hwemunhurume kunoratidza kuti hunhu hahuna kugadziriswa, asi kuti hunotauriranwa kuburikidza nekudyidzana kwevanhu nekukura kwevanhu.
Mutauro, kirasi, uye mukurumbira
Haasi marudzi ese emitauro anoonekwa zvakaenzana. Munzanga zhinji, mamwe marudzi anoonekwa se "akakwirira" uye mamwe "akaderera." Kutonga uku kwakabatana nekukudzwa munharaunda. Mamwe matauriro anogona kuonekwa seakadzidza zvakanyanya, nepo mamwe achionekwa seasina tsika - kunyangwe kutonga uku kuri kwemagariro evanhu kupfuura mitauro. Mutauro unobva wava nzira inogona kubatsira mamwe mapoka uye kushaisa vamwe mukana.
Semuenzaniso, kubasa, hunyanzvi hwemutauro wekuIndonesia, hunyanzvi hwekutaura, kana hunyanzvi hwemutauro wekune dzimwe nyika hunowanzo shanda semari yekubatsira vanhu. Avo vane mukana wekuwana dzidzo uri nani vanowanzova nemikana yakakura yekuvandudza hunyanzvi hwemutauro hunoonekwa sehunokosheswa zvikuru. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mutauro unogona kuita basa mukubereka kusaenzana kwevanhu: kwete nekuda kwemutauro pachawo, asi nekuti masangano evanhu anopa mibairo yakasiyana kune mamwe marudzi emitauro.
Mutauro uri munzvimbo yedhijitari: hunhu hunochinja-chinja uye hunokurumidza kuchinja
Kuvandudzwa kwenhau dzemagariro evanhu kwakaita kuti kuumbwa kwehunhu kuburikidza nemutauro kuwedzere kuoneka. Munzvimbo yedhijitari, vanhu vanogona kuvaka hunhu kuburikidza nekusarudza mazwi, manyorerwo emashoko, kushandiswa kwememe, kupfupisa, kana kusanganisa makodhi. Semuenzaniso, zvinhu zvakaita se "Jaksel" (musanganiswa wechiIndonesia neChirungu), hazvisi tsika dzemitauro chete asiwo zvine hukama nemapoka akasiyana, mararamiro, uye nharaunda.
Nzvimbo dzedhijitari dzinokurumidzisawo kuumbwa kwezvitupa zvitsva zvenharaunda. Vanhu vanofarira mitambo, kana boka revanhu vanorwira kodzero dzevamwe vanogona kuva nemashoko akasiyana anonzwisiswa nenhengo dzavo. Mutauro unova chishandiso chekusimbisa kubatana, pamwe nechiratidzo chinosiyanisa "isu" kubva "kwavari." Nekuti zvitupa zvepamhepo zvinowanzo chinjika, vanhu vanogona kuchinja maitiro avo emitauro kuti aenderane nemamiriro ezvinhu epuratifomu nevateereri.
Mutauro senzvimbo yekutaurirana nezvekuzivikanwa uye kusawirirana
Nekuti mutauro unoratidza hunhu hwemunhu, unogona zvakare kukonzera kusawirirana. Nhaurirano pamusoro pemitauro yenyika neyematunhu, kuda kuzivikanwa kwemitauro mishoma, kana kusarura mamwe mitauro zvinoratidza kuti mutauro inzvimbo yezvematongerwo enyika. Kana boka rikanzwa mutauro waro uchishorwa, rinogona kunzwa kuti hunhu hwaro huri kusaremekedzwa.
Zvisinei, mutauro unogona kuvawo zambuko. Semuenzaniso, mitauro yakawanda inobvumira munhu kufamba-famba munharaunda dzakasiyana. Vanhu vazhinji vekuIndonesia vanorarama muchokwadi chemitauro yakawanda: vachishandisa mutauro wavo wemunharaunda kumba, mutauro wechiIndonesia kuchikoro uye kubasa, uye mutauro wekunze mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Maitiro aya haarevi kurasikirwa nehunhu; kutaura zvazviri, anogona kuhupfumisa, sezvo vanhu vachidzidza kufamba munyika dzakasiyana dzemagariro.
Penutup
Basa remutauro mukuumbwa kwehunhu hwevanhu rakakura uye rakaoma. Mutauro unoratidza kuva nhengo yeboka, unoratidza maumbirwo emagariro evanhu, unochengetedza hunhu hwetsika, unovaka mabasa evarume nevakadzi, uye unotopesvedzera mikana yehupfumi kuburikidza netsika dzepamusoro. Munguva yedhijitari, mutauro uri kuramba uchiva chishandiso chinoshanduka chekugadzira hunhu—unogona kuumbwa, kunatswa, uye kutaurirana nekukurumidza.
Pakupedzisira, kunzwisisa mutauro sechikamu chekuzivikanwa kwevanhu kunotibatsira kuti tive nehanya nekusiyana-siyana. Tinogona kuona kuti kuseri kwemutauro wega wega, kusiyana-siyana, kana sarudzo yemazwi kune ruzivo rwehupenyu, nhoroondo, uye hurongwa hwevanhu. Nekuremekedzana, mutauro hausi kungori nzira yekusiyanisa chete asiwo nzira yekuvaka hukama hwakarurama uye hunobatanidza vanhu munharaunda.
