Musiyano Uripo Pakati Pefizikisi Yemuviri Nedzidziso Yetsika
Anthropology kudzidza kwevanhu, kubva pamaonero ehupenyu, tsika, magariro evanhu, uye nhoroondo. Sechidzidzo chakaoma uye chakakwana, anthropology yakakamurwa kuita zvidimbu zvidiki zvakasiyana, zviviri zvacho ndezve physical anthropology uye cultural anthropology. Kunyangwe zvese zvichidzidza vanhu, maitiro avo, zvavanonyanya kutarisa, uye nzira dzavo dzakasiyana zvakanyanya. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura mutsauko mukuru uripo pakati pe physical anthropology ne cultural anthropology kuti tinzwisise zvakadzama zvidzidzo izvi.
Anthropology yemuviri: Kutarisa uye Maitiro
Anthropology yemuviri, inowanzonziwo biological anthropology, ibazi reanthropology rinotarisa pane mativi ehupenyu hwevanhu. Rine hukama hwakanyanya nekushanduka-shanduka kwevanhu , majini, uye kusiyana kwehupenyu pakati pevanhu. Heano mamwe emativi makuru ebasa iri:
1. Kushanduka Kwevanhu: Nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinodzidza kushanduka kwevanhu kubva kumadzitateguru emhuka kusvika kuHomo sapiens dzemazuva ano. Kuburikidza nekuongorora mafossil nezvinhu zvekare, nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinogona kuona shanduko muchimiro chemuviri dzakaitika kwemamiriyoni emakore.
2. Paleoanthropology: Bazi rakasiyana rezvevanhu rinoongorora zvisaririra zvevanhu nemadzitateguru avo. Nyanzvi dzezvevanhu vanoshandisa nzira dzakadai se radiometric dating uye morphological analysis kuti vanzwisise zvakawanda nezvekukura kwevanhu.
3. Majini Evanhu: Kudzidza kusiyana kwemajini muhuwandu hwevanhu kuti tinzwisise kuti majini anokanganisa sei kuramba zvirwere, kugadzirisa nharaunda, uye zvimwe zvakasiyana.
4. Bioarchaeology: Kuongorora mapfupa kuti pave nemufananidzo wehupenyu hwemazuva ese hwenzanga dzekare, dzakadai sekudya, mararamiro, uye mamiriro ehutano.
5. Primatology: Kudzidza nezvemhuka dzisiri dzevanhu (semuenzaniso, chimpanzee, magorira, netsoko). Izvi zvinobatsira vanoongorora mafambiro evanhu kunzwisisa maitiro, ecology, uye kushanduka kwemapoka ane hukama nevanhu.
Nzira dzekudzidza nezvevanhu dzinowanzova dzehuwandu, dzichishandisa matekiniki emurabhoritari uye zviyero kuunganidza data. Semuenzaniso, kuyera matehenya (craniometry) kana kuongorora DNA yekare kuti iongorore kufamba kwevanhu.
Anthropology yetsika : Kutarisa uye Maitiro
Kusiyana nekudzidza nezvevanhu, kudzidza nezvevanhu netsika kunodzidza nezvezvinhu zvisiri zvehupenyu hwevanhu, zvinoti tsika nemagariro evanhu. Zvinhu izvi zvinosanganisira tsika, tsika, tsika, uye nzira idzo vanhu vanodyidzana nadzo pamwe nenzvimbo dzavanogara. Heano mamwe emabasa makuru ekudzidza nezvevanhu netsika :
1. Ethnography: Imwe yenzira huru mukudzidza nezvetsika dzevanhu ndeye ethnography, iyo inosanganisira vaongorori vanogara zvakananga pakati penharaunda vari kudzidzwa, vachicherechedza uye vachitaurirana navo zvakanyanya. Chinangwa ndechekunzwisisa mararamiro enharaunda kubva mukati.
2. Maitiro Ekutenda Netsika: Nyanzvi dzetsika dzevanhu dzinodzidza maitiro akasiyana-siyana ekutenda, kubva kuzvitendero zvikuru kusvika kuchitendero chemweya, netsika dzine chekuita nemaitiro aya ekutenda. Vanotsvaga kunzwisisa kuti zvitendero izvi zvinotonga sei hupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye kuti zvinoumba sei hunhu hweboka.
3. Maumbirwo Emagariro Evanhu: Kudzidza nezvehukama hwehukama, kupatsanurwa kwevanhu, nedzimwe sangano revanhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuti simba nemasimba zvinogoverwa sei, kuti kusawirirana kunogadziriswa sei, uye kuti masangano evanhu akaita semhuri nemuchato anoshanda sei.
4. Mutauro: Kudzidza nezvevanhu nemitauro kunodzidza nezvemitauro kunodzidza basa remutauro mutsika. Mutauro unoratidza uye unopesvedzera sei pfungwa dzetsika, kutaurirana, uye kufambiswa kwemashoko?
5. Tsika dzeZvipenyu: Kudzidza kuti tsika dzevanhu dzinoshanda sei nenzvimbo dzavanogara, kuti dzinochinja sei, uye kuti zvavanotenda netsika dzavo zvinotsigira sei kurarama mumamiriro ezvinhu akati.
Nzira inoshandiswa mukudzidza nezvetsika dzevanhu inonyanya kuenderana nepfungwa, ichinyanya kukoshesa kutarisa kwevatori vechikamu, kubvunzurudza kwakadzama, uye kuongorora magwaro. Ruzivo rwunowanikwa runowanzo tsanangurwa uye rwakarongeka kuita nyaya dzinonyatsoratidza hupenyu hwemagariro evanhu netsika.
Kufanana uye Kusiyana
Kunyange zvazvo paine misiyano yakakura pakati pezvevanhu netsika, zvakafanana zvikuru. Mapoka ese ari maviri anoedza kunzwisisa vanhu zvizere, achifunga nezvemativi avo akasiyana uye kuti vanodyidzana sei. Anowanzo shanda pamwe chete pamapurojekiti makuru ekutsvagisa kuti ape mufananidzo wakakwana wenzanga yevanhu.
Zvisinei, musiyano mukuru pakati pezviviri izvi uri muchinhu chiri kudzidzwa:
1. Chinangwa Chekudzidza: Kudzidza nezvevanhu venyama kunotarisa pazvinhu zvehupenyu hwevanhu, zvakaita semuviri wavo, majini, uye kushanduka-shanduka kwezvinhu. Panguva imwecheteyo, kudzidza nezvevanhu vetsika kunotarisa pazvinhu zvemagariro evanhu netsika, zvakaita setsika, zvitendero, uye maumbirwo evanhu.
2. Maitiro: Bhizinesi rezvevanhu rinoshandisa nzira dzehuwandu nedzesainzi, dzakadai sekuyera murabhoritari uye ongororo yenhamba. Bhizinesi rezvevanhu rinoshandisa nzira dzemhando yepamusoro , dzakadai sekutarisa vatori vechikamu nekubvunzurudza.
3. Maitiro: Kudzidza nezvevanhu vemuviri kunowanzova kwesainzi uye kusina kwavakarerekera, nepo kudzidza nezvetsika kuchitaura zvakawanda uye kunobva kune mumwe munhu. Izvi hazvirevi kuti chimwe chiri nani pane chimwe, asi zvose zvinopa maonero akasiyana asi anowirirana.
4. Chinangwa Chekupedzisira: Chinangwa chikuru chekudzidza nezvevanhu ndechekunzwisisa kushanduka-shanduka kwehupenyu hwevanhu uye kusiyana-siyana. Panguva imwecheteyo, chinangwa chekudzidza nezvevanhu netsika ndechekunzwisisa kuti vanhu vanogadzira sei, vanovandudza sei, uye vanochengetedza tsika dzavo.
Kudyidzana pakati pePhysical Anthropology neCultural Anthropology
Pasinei nekusiyana kwadzo, zvidzidzo zviviri izvi zvinowanzo shanda nenzira inopindirana. Semuenzaniso, mukudzidza kwekuchinja kwevanhu kunzvimbo dzakaoma, ruzivo rwekuchinja kwezvinhu zvipenyu (kubva kuongororo yezvemuviri) uye nzira dzetsika (kubva kuongororo yezvetsika) zvese zvakakosha. Vaongorori vezvematongo ehupenyu vanowanzo shandisa nzwisiso kubva kuongororo yetsika kuti vatsanangure ruzivo rwavo, vachinzwisisa zviri nani mamiriro emagariro evanhu vekare vavanodzidza.
Mhedziso
Anthropology yemuviri uye anthropology yetsika, kunyangwe zvakasiyana pakutarisa uye nzira dzekuita, zvese zvakakosha pakunzwisisa vanhu zvizere. Anthropology yemuviri inopa ruzivo mukuchinja kwehupenyu hwevanhu nekushanduka-shanduka, nepo anthropology yetsika ichipa
