Dzidziso yeMagadzirirwo eChimiro muAnthropology yetsika
Pendauluan
Kuumbwa kwechimiro inzira yedzidziso inotarisa pazvimiro zviri pasi petsika dzevanhu. Yakatanga kuunzwa naFerdinand de Saussure mukudzidza mitauro, nzira iyi yakazowedzerwa kuzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira anthropology yetsika, nevafungi vakaita saClaude Lévi-Strauss. Muchirevo cheanthropology yetsika, kuumbwa kwechimiro kunotarisa pakuziva nekuongorora zvimiro zviri pasi petsika, masisitimu etsika, uye maitiro evanhu.
Mavambo uye Simba reMagadzirirwo eZvimiro
Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913) anoonekwa sebaba vehurongwa hwezvinhu, nekupa kwake mipiro mumitauro inosuma pfungwa dzakadai semutauro neparole, pamwe nechiratidzo nechiratidzo. Saussure akasimbisa kuti mutauro inzira yezviratidzo zvinoshanda mukati memagariro evanhu. Pfungwa dzaSaussure dzakazogadziriswa nenyanzvi yezvevanhu yekuFrance Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908–2009), anozivikanwa sababa vehurongwa hwezvinhu mutsika dzevanhu.
Lévi-Strauss akatanga dzidziso yekuti tsika mutauro uye kuti zvinhu zvetsika zvinogona kuongororwa nenzira imwecheteyo nemutauro. Aitenda kuti kune maumbirwo akajairika ari pasi petsika dzese dzevanhu, uye nekudzidza ngano, ngano, uye kunyange masisitimu ehukama, tinogona kuwana maumbirwo aya.
Nheyo huru dzekugadzirisa maitiro
Kune misimboti mikuru yakati wandei mumaitiro ekuvaka zvivakwa mutsika dzevanhu:
1. Maumbirwo Ezvinhu Zvose: Hurongwa hwezvinhu hunoti kune maumbirwo akakosha, anowanikwa mutsika dzese dzevanhu. Maumbirwo aya maitiro akafanana ekufunga, kunyange hazvo mataurirwo awo achigona kusiyana munharaunda dzakasiyana.
2. Kupikisa kweUviri: Imwe yepfungwa huru muhurongwa hwekuvaka ndeyekupikisa kweUviri (kupikisa kweBinary). Lévi-Strauss nevakamutevera vaiwanzoona maitiro eUviri uhwu, senge pfungwa dzezvakanaka nezvakaipa, dzinodziya nedzinotonhora, kana dzisina kubikwa uye dzakaibva mungano nengano.
3. Zviitiko Zvemagariro Evanhu SeSisitimu Yakavharwa: Hurongwa hwezvivakwa hunoona zviitiko zvemagariro evanhu netsika sezvikamu zvesisitimu yakavharwa, yakabatana. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chesisitimu iyi chinoratidza uye chinosangana nezvimwe zvikamu zvichienderana nemitemo yechimiro.
4. Nzira Dzakarongeka: Nzira dzekuvaka dzinowanzo shandisa nzira dzakarongeka dzakafanana nedzenyanzvi dzemitauro. Kuongorora uku kunosanganisira kupatsanura chiitiko muzvikamu zvacho uye kunzwisisa kuti chinoshanda sei kuti chiumbe chimiro chose.
Mashandisirwo eMagadzirirwo eChimiro muAnthropology yetsika
Claude Lévi-Strauss ndiye akatanga basa rekushandisa dzidziso yekuvaka zvivakwa mutsika dzevanhu. Mamwe emabasa ake ane simba guru anosanganisira "The Elementary Structures of Kinship" (1949) uye "Structural Anthropology" (1958). Mumabasa aya, Lévi-Strauss akaratidza kuti masangano akasiyana-siyana evanhu (akadai sekuroorana neukama) anogona kuongororwa sei kuburikidza nenzira yekuvaka zvivakwa.
Lévi-Strauss aizivikanwawo nekuongorora kwake ngano. Mumabhuku akadai se "Mythologiques" (mabhuku mana akaburitswa pakati pa1964 na1971), akaratidza kuti nyaya dzengano dzinobva mutsika dzakasiyana dzine mapatani akafanana ehurongwa. Semuenzaniso, pfungwa yehuviri uye kupikisana inowanzoonekwa mungano senzira yekunzwisisa nyika.
Kutsoropodzwa kweMagadzirirwo Ezvinhu
Pasinei nemhedzisiro yayo yakakura, hunyanzvi hwekuvaka hune vatsoropodzi vahwo. Zvimwe zvezvinonyanya kutsoropodzwa zvemaitiro aya ndeizvi:
1. Kufunga Zvakanyanya: Kufunga Kwemaumbirwo ezvinhu kunowanzoonekwa sekunge kwakanyanyisa kusimbaradza nekuti kunowanzo furatira kuchinja kwemagariro evanhu netsika. Vamwe vatsoropodzi vanoti nzira iyi inonyanya kutarisisa pazvimiro zvakagadzikana uye hainyatso tarisiri kusimbaradza uye kuchinja.
2. Kusawirirana Kwetsika: Kutsoropodzwa kwakawanda kunobva kunyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzinoti hadzisi tsika dzese dzinogona kuongororwa nenzira imwe chete. Dzinotenda kuti nzira yekuvaka inogona kurerutsa kusiyana nekuoma kwetsika dzevanhu zvakanyanya.
3. Kupfupikisa Kwakanyanya: Maumbirwo ari muhurongwa hwekuvaka anowanzoonekwa seasinganyatsooneki uye ari kure nehupenyu chaihwo uye zviitiko zvevanhu zvezuva nezuva. Mabasa evanhu anoshanda uye akajeka angasaenderana nehurongwa hwedzidziso hunokurudzirwa nehurongwa hwekuvaka.
Dzidziso yeStructuralism Mushure meLévi-Strauss
Mushure menguva yaLévi-Strauss, dzidziso yekuvaka yakaramba ichikura uye yakagadziriswa nevafungi vakasiyana-siyana. Vazivi vakaita saRoland Barthes naMichel Foucault vakavandudza pfungwa dzekuvaka uye vakadzibatanidza nedzidziso yekutsoropodza uye post-structuralism. Kunyangwe nzira yekuvaka yekare ingave isisina simba, nhaka yayo ichiripo muzvidzidzo zvakawanda zvemazuva ano zvinosimbisa kukosha kwechimiro mukunzwisisa tsika.
Semuenzaniso, Roland Barthes akabatanidza pfungwa dzechimiro muongororo yake yetsika dzakakurumbira. Panguva iyi, Foucault akanyanya kutarisa kuti maumbirwo esimba neruzivo anoumba sei zvidzidzo nemaitiro evanhu.
Penutup
Dzidziso yeStructuralist muCultural Anthropology yakabatsira zvikuru pakunzwisisa kwatinoita tsika nemagariro evanhu. Nzira iyi inopa maturusi ane simba ekuongorora kuti tione uye tibvise sei marongerwo ari pasi anoumba mafungiro nemaitiro evanhu. Pasinei nekutsoropodzwa uye shanduko dzakasiyana-siyana, nhaka yeStructalism ichiri kukosha muzvidzidzo zvetsika nemagariro evanhu.
Kuburikidza nenzira yekuvaka, tinogona kuona kuti pasi pekusiyana kwetsika pane maitiro akafanana uye akabatana. Izvi zvinotibatsira kunzwisisa kuti vanhu, pasinei nekusiyana kwakanyanya, vane mafungiro akafanana uye hukama hwakafanana mumaumbirwo. Nekuda kweizvozvo, dzidziso iyi inoramba iri hwaro hwakakosha mukudzidza nezvetsika dzemazuva ano.
