Pfungwa yehukama muAnthropology
Pendauluan
Ukama ipfungwa huru muzvidzidzo zvevanhu, ichidzidza kuti hukama hweropa, kuroorana, uye kutorwa kwevana hunoumba sei hurongwa hwevanhu. Ukama uhwu hunoumba hwaro hwezvinhu zvakawanda zvehupenyu hwevanhu, tsika, uye hupfumi munharaunda pasi rose. Ukama hunoita kuti vanhu vanzwisise hunhu hwavo munharaunda, vagadzire kodzero nemabasa emagariro evanhu, uye vagadzire mambure ekutsigirana nekushandira pamwe.
Kunzwisisa uye Kukosha kweUkama
Izwi rekuti ukama rinowanzo shandurwa se "hukama" muchiIndonesian. Pfungwa iyi inoreva hukama hunogona kuteverwa kuburikidza nemadzinza eropa, senge huri pakati pevabereki nevana, kana hunobva mukuroorana, senge huri pakati pemurume nemukadzi. Hukama hunogonawo kusanganisira hukama hwevanhu hunotorwa uye hunozivikanwa munharaunda, senge hama dzekurera.
Mukudzidza nezvevanhu, kudzidza nezvehukama kwakakosha pakunzwisisa marongerwo emagariro evanhu netsika dzavo. Hukama hunopa hurongwa hwekudyidzana, kuchinjana zviwanikwa, uye kuvaka hunhu hwevanhu vose. Munharaunda dzakawanda, mitemo yakasimba yehukama ndiyo inosarudza zvinhu zvehupenyu zvakaita senhaka yepfuma, mitemo yewanano, mabasa emagariro evanhu, uye kugoverwa kwesimba.
Mhando dzeUkama
Muzvidzidzo zvevanhu, kune mhando dzakasiyana dzehukama hwakavakirwa padzinza, dzinoti:
1. Zvemhuri:
Mutsika yemadzitateguru, dzinza rinotevedzwa kuburikidza nedzinza rababa. Mazita emhuri, pfuma, uye chinzvimbo munzanga zvinowanzopfuudzwa kubva kuna baba kuenda kumwanakomana. Muenzaniso wenzanga inotevedzera tsika iyi ndewevanhu vechiMaasai vekuKenya neTanzania.
2. Zvemhuri:
Kusiyana nehurongwa hwemhuri, hurongwa hwemhuri hunotevedzana nedzinza raamai. Pfuma nenzvimbo zvinogara nhaka kuburikidza nevakadzi. Mienzaniso yenzanga dzine hurongwa uhwu inosanganisira vanhu veMinangkabau vekuWest Sumatra, Indonesia, nevanhu veHopi vekuNorth America.
3. Mapato maviri:
Muhurongwa hwenyika mbiri, dzinza rinoverengwa kuburikidza nevabereki vese, baba naamai. Hurongwa uhwu hwakajairika munharaunda zhinji dzemazuva ano, kusanganisira nzanga zhinji dzekumadokero.
4. Kufamba kwemuviri:
Muhurongwa hweamburenzi, vanhu vanogona kusarudza kutevera dzinza ravo kuburikidza nedzinza rababa kana raamai vavo, zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo kana zvisarudzo zvemhuri. Hurongwa uhwu hunopa mukana wekusarudza hunhu hwemhuri.
Mashoko muKubatana
Kudzidza nezvehukama muvanhu kunosanganisira mazwi akasiyana-siyana anoshandiswa kuziva nekutsanangura hukama hwehukama. Heano mamwe mazwi akakosha:
– Dzinza (vana): Dzinza rinozivisa kuti munhu anobva kupi, kungave kuburikidza nedzinza, mhuri, dzinza, kana kuti dzinza.
– Dzinza (dzinza reropa): Boka revanhu vanoti vanobva kumadzitateguru akafanana.
– Dzinza (klan): Boka guru remadzinza anoona seanobva kuna tateguru mumwe chete, kunyange hazvo vasingagone kuratidza izvozvo nguva dzose.
– Hama dzepedyo (hukama hwewanano): Hukama hunoitika kuburikidza newanano, hwakadai semurume, mukadzi, vatezvara, vatezvara.
– Hama dzemhuri imwe chete (hukama hweropa): Hukama hunoitika kuburikidza nehukama hweropa, hwakadai sevabereki, vana, vanun'una nemadzikoma.
Basa reUkama Munzanga
Ukama hune mabasa akakosha munharaunda, anosanganisira:
1. Kuumbwa Kwekuzivikanwa:
Ukama hunobatsira vanhu kunzwisisa chinzvimbo chavo munharaunda, zvichivapa pfungwa yekuzivikanwa uye kubatana nenharaunda yakakura.
2. Mitemo yeMuchato:
Mitemo yehukama ndiyo inosarudza kuti ndiani anogona kana kuti haagoni kuroora, kudzivisa kuroorana pakati pehama dzepedyo, uye kuona kuti hukama hwevanhu hwakagadzikana.
3. Nhaka uye Kugoverwa Kwezviwanikwa:
Hukama hunoona kuti pfuma nezvimwe zviwanikwa zvinogara nhaka sei. Izvi zvinoita kuti mhuri nemapoka evanhu varambe vachienderera mberi mune zveupfumi.
4. Network yeRutsigiro rweVanhu:
Ukama hunopa rutsigiro muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu, zvinosanganisira rubatsiro rwezvehupfumi, rwemanzwiro, uye rwezvekurapa.
5. Maumbirwo Ezvematongerwo Enyika Nesimba:
Munzvimbo zhinji, zvinzvimbo zvehutungamiriri nesimba zvinowanzovakirwa pahukama hwehukama. Maumbirwo ezvematongerwo enyika echinyakare anowanzo vimba nedzinza.
Kuchinja kweUkama uye Maitiro
Pamwe chete nekuchinja kwemagariro evanhu uye kudyidzana kwenyika, pfungwa yehukama yakachinjawo. Kukura kwemaguta, kutama kwevanhu, uye shanduko yehupfumi zvakakanganisa zvikuru chimiro nebasa rehukama.
1. Kuvandudzwa kweMaguta uye Kuvandudzwa kweMaguta:
Kugara mumaguta kuri kuchinja chimiro chemhuri dzakakura kuita mhuri diki. Kutamira kumaguta kunowanzoita kuti hukama hwehama huve hwakasununguka, kunyange husina kubviswa zvachose.
2. Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose:
Kufurirwa kwekudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose kwakaita kuti maitiro ehukama awedzere kusiyana. Tsika dzekuroorana pakati petsika dzakasiyana uye dzepasi rose dziri kuwedzera, zvichiita kuti pave nehukama hwakaoma kunzwisisa.
3. Shanduko dzezvehupfumi:
Kuchinja kubva pakurima kuenda kuhupfumi hwemaindasitiri kwakakanganisawo hurongwa hwehukama. Pfungwa yenhaka yenyika nepfuma ingave isina basa zvakanyanya mumamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara ehupfumi hwemazuva ano.
4. Tekinoroji yekutaurirana:
Kufambira mberi muhunyanzvi hwekutaurirana, hwakadai sesocial media, kwakaita kuti zvikwanisike kuchengetedza hukama hwehukama pasinei nekure kure. Hunyanzvi uhwu hunobvumira vanhu kuramba vachibatana nehama dzavo, kunyangwe vari kure.
5. Kuchinja kweHunhu neMaitiro:
Kuchinja kwetsika netsika munharaunda yemazuva ano kunokanganisawo hukama hwemhuri, kusanganisira kuwedzera kugamuchirwa kwemhuri dzine maitiro akasiyana akadai sevabereki vari voga kana vakaroorana vevanhurume nevanhukadzi.
Mhedziso
Pfungwa yehukama mu anthropology inopa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pekuti hukama hwehukama hunoumba sei marongerwo emagariro evanhu, tsika, uye hupfumi. Nekunzwisisa mhando dzehukama nemabasa adzo makuru, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kuoma kwemaitiro emagariro evanhu aripo. Kudzidza nezvehukama hakungotibatsiri chete kunzwisisa magariro evanhu echinyakare asiwo kunopa hurongwa hwekuongorora shanduko yemagariro evanhu mumamiriro ezvinhu emazuva ano. Sezvo shanduko yepasi rose ichienderera mberi, pfungwa yehukama icharamba ichichinja, ichiratidza uye ichigamuchira zvinodiwa zvitsva uye maitiro muhupenyu hwevanhu.
