Nzira Yakazara muAnthropology yemitauro
Kudzidza nezvemitauro ibazi resainzi rinodzidza mutauro senzira yetsika nemagariro evanhu: mashandisirwo anoitwa mutauro, kunzwisiswa, kupfuudzwa, kupikiswa, uye kushandurwa muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Kusiyana nekudzidza nezvemitauro, iyo inowanzoisa mutauro sehurongwa hwezviratidzo zvinogona kuongororwa mukati, kudzidza nezvemitauro kunosimbisa hukama huripo pakati pemutauro nevanhu—nenhoroondo, hunhu, hukama hwesimba, manzwiro, tsika, uye maumbirwo emagariro evanhu. Apa ndipo panonyanya kukosha "nzira yakazara": mutauro haumbomiri wega, asi unobatanidzwa nezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zveruzivo rwevanhu.
Zvinoreva "Holistic" muLinguistic Anthropology
Nzira yekutaura zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana inoreva kuona mutauro zvakazara kuburikidza nezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemamiriro ezvinhu. Chekutanga, mamiriro ezvinhu madiki: zviitiko zvekutaura, sarudzo yemazwi, matauriro, masaini, uye kuti ndiani ari kutaura naani mumamiriro ezvinhu akati. Chechipiri, mamiriro ezvinhu ari pakati nepakati: tsika dzemunharaunda, masangano (zvikoro, mhuri, nzvimbo dzekunamatira, mahofisi), uye masocial network anoumba maitiro emutauro. Chechitatu, mamiriro ezvinhu madiki: nhoroondo yehukoloni, mitemo yenyika, hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika, kufamba, uye mafungiro emutauro anokanganisa chinonzi "mutauro wakanaka," "matauriro akajairwa," kana "mutauro wekampungan."
Holism mukudzidza nezvemitauro zvinorevawo kusanganisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana nemaonero. Vaongorori havangoverenge maitikiro emazwi chete asiwo vanoita ethnography: kugara nevanhu, kucherechedza maitiro ezuva nezuva, kubvunzurudza vatauri, kunyora kutaurirana, uye kududzira zvinoreva magariro evanhu zviri mumitauro. Chinangwa hachisi chekungotsanangura kusiyana kwemitauro, asiwo kunzwisisa kuti nei kusiyana ikoko kuchikosha kune vatauri vayo.
Mutauro seMaitiro Evanhu: Kubva Pakuumbwa Kuenda Pakushandiswa
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha mukudzidza nezvemitauro ndechekuona mutauro sechiito (kutaura sechiito), kwete kungomiririra chete. Mutsara mumwe chete unogona kuva nerevo dzakasiyana zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, hukama hwevanhu, uye zvinangwa zvemutauri. Semuenzaniso, chirevo chekuti "Wakangwara kwazvo" chinogona kuva kurumbidza kwechokwadi, kuseka, kana kutoti kumanikidzwa kwevanhu—zvichienderana nematauriro, mamiriro ehurukuro, uye nhoroondo yehukama pakati pemapoka.
Nekushandisa nzira yakazara, ongororo inopfuura "zviri kutaurwa" asi "zvinoitwa" nemashoko iwayo: kuvaka kubatana, kunyadzisa, kusimbisa chinzvimbo, kutaurirana, kudzivirira kusawirirana, kana kuratidza hunhu hwakati. Nokudaro, zvinhu zvinoshanda uye zvinoitwa ndizvo zviri pakati pechidzidzo, zvinosanganisira mashandisiro anoita vanhu maitiro, kusetsa, kukwazisana, uye hunhu hwakanaka kudzora hukama hwevanhu.
Hukama huripo pakati peMutauro, Kuzivikanwa, uye Nhengo dzeVanhu
Muhupenyu hwevanhu, mutauro unowanzo shanda sechiratidzo chekuzivikanwa: rudzi, kirasi, chizvarwa, murume kana mukadzi, chitendero, uye kubatana mune zvematongerwo enyika. Nzira yekutaura zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana inotibatsira kuona kuti kuzivikanwa hakuna kusanganiswa nemutauro, asi kunotenderwa kuburikidza netsika dzekutaura. Mumwe munhu anogona kunzwika semunhu akarongeka kubasa, asina kurongeka kumba, uye "ane hunyanzvi" zvakanyanya online. Shanduko idzi hadzisi kungochinja mazwi chete, asi nzira dzemagariro evanhu dzekugadzirisa kana kuratidza hunhu hwakati.
Semuenzaniso, sarudzo pakati pemitauro yemunharaunda, Indonesian, uye mhando dzakasiyana-siyana (kuchinja makodhi uye kusanganisa makodhi) inowanzo ratidza kuva pedyo kana kure. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzemaguta, kushandiswa kwemitauro yemunharaunda kunogona kusimbisa kubatana uye "kunzwa kwemusha mumwe chete," nepo Indonesian yakajairika ichigona kuratidza hunyanzvi kana simba. Zvisinei, izvi zvinoreva magariro evanhu hazvisi zvepasi rose; zvinoenderana nenhoroondo yekutama, rusarura, uye pfungwa dzemitauro dziripo munharaunda.
Mutauro, Simba, uye Pfungwa: Ndiani Anoonekwa se "Akarurama"?
Nzira yekutaura zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana inoratidzawo kuti mutauro wakabatana sei nesimba. Pfungwa dzemutauro idzidziso dzinotaurwa nevanhu vakawanda pamusoro pekuti mutauro "unofanira" kushandiswa sei—semuenzaniso, pfungwa yekuti mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzakangwara, kuti mamwe matauriro ane simba, kana kuti mitauro yemunzvimbo imwe chete inotadzisa kufambira mberi. Dzidziso dzakadaro dzinogona kuumba mitemo yedzidzo, maitiro ekutsvaga vanhu mabasa, uye kunyange kuti midhiya inomiririra sei mapoka akati wandei.
Munyaya yeIndonesia, gakava pamusoro pe "chiIndonesia chakanaka uye chakarurama" rinogona kuongororwa zvizere: kwete nezvegirama chete, asiwo nezvechiremera (ndiani ane kodzero yekutonga), mukana wekuwana dzidzo (ndiani ane mukana wekuziva mhando dzakasiyana dzemitauro), uye kufamba kwevanhu (kuti mutauro unokanganisa sei mikana yebasa). Nekuda kweizvozvo, hunyanzvi hwemitauro hunogona kuratidza kusaenzana kwakavanzika kuseri kwehurukuro ye "zvikanganiso zvemutauro."
Nzira dzeEthnographic: Kubata Kuoma kweMutauro
Kuongorora madzinza evanhu ndiko kuri pakati penzira yakazara. Vaongorori vanoita ongororo yevatori vechikamu, vanotora chikamu muzviitiko zvezuva nezuva, uye vanovaka kuvimba nenharaunda. Data rinounganidzwa haringosanganisiri hurukuro dzakarekodhwa chete asiwo manotsi pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu, nzvimbo dzemuviri, zviso, zvinhu zvekare (semuenzaniso, maposta, magwaro epamutemo, mameseji eWhatsApp), uye nhoroondo yenzvimbo.
Maitiro aya akakosha nekuti zvinoreva mutauro zvinowanzobuda muzvinhu zvidiki zvinoita sezvidiki. Masekero anoita munhu mushure mekutaura chirevo chakati, kumbomira usati wapindura, kana sarudzo yekero (yakadai sekuti "iwe," "iwe," "iwe," kana "changamire/madam") zvinogona kuva neruzivo rwakakura rwemagariro evanhu. Holism inokurudzira vaongorori kuti vasaparadzanise ruzivo rwemitauro kubva munharaunda yavo asi kuti vaone mutauro sechikamu che "ecology yekutaurirana."
Kuchinja kweMutauro Munyika Yemazuva Ano: Digital Media uye Mobility
Munguva yedhijitari, kudzidza nezvemitauro kuri kuwedzera kukosha. Masocial media anogadzira nzvimbo itsva dzekuvaka hunhu, kuparadzira maitiro, uye kukwikwidzana kwezvinoreva. Memes, makomendi, ma hashtag, kana maitiro chaiwo emazwi hazvisi zviitiko zvemitauro chete asiwo tsika. Nzira yakazara inoongorora kuti tekinoroji inobatanidza sei kutaurirana: kuti maalgorithms, tsika dzepuratifomu, uye vateereri vasingaonekwe vanoumba sei nzira iyo vanhu vanonyora nekutaura.
Uyezve, kufamba-famba uye kutama kunoita kuti vanhu vataure mitauro yakawanda. Mumaguta makuru, vanhu vanosangana nemitauro yakasiyana-siyana uye matauriro akasiyana-siyana, zvichigadzira mhando itsva uye zvichikonzera kutaurirana nezvekuzivikanwa. Kusawirirana kunowanzomuka: vamwe vanopemberera kusiyana-siyana, nepo vamwe vachida kurongeka. Nekushandisa nzira yakazara, shanduko yemutauro inonzwisiswa semhedzisiro yekudyidzana kwakaoma pakati pehupfumi, dzidzo, midhiya, uye mutemo.
Mashandisirwo: Dzidzo, Kuchengetedza Mutauro, uye Kururamisira Kwevanhu
Nzira yekudzidzisa vanhu nezvemitauro yakasiyana-siyana inopfuura dzidziso; ine zvazvinoreva. Semuenzaniso, mudzidzo, tsvakiridzo yemitauro yakasiyana-siyana inogona kubatsira kugadzira dzidziso inokoshesa mitauro yevadzidzi. Panzvimbo pekuona mitauro yevabereki sechinhu chinovhiringidza, zvikoro zvinogona kuona kuti mitauro yakasiyana-siyana ine nzira dzakawanda dzekutaurirana. Izvi zvakakosha pakuderedza rusarura kune vanotaura mitauro yemunharaunda kana mhando dzisiri dzemitauro.
Mukuchengetedza mutauro, kukoshesa mutauro kunotiyeuchidza kuti "kuchengetedza mutauro" hakusi kungonyora mashoko chete. Mutauro unogara mutsika dzevanhu: tsika, majee, nyaya, kukwazisana, uye tsika dzekutaurirana. Kubudirira kwekuvandudza mutauro kunowanzo sanganisira nharaunda, kugadzira nzvimbo dzekushandisa mutauro, uye kukurudzira kuzvida, kwete kungogadzira maduramazwi kana mabhuku egirama.
Munyaya dzeruramisiro munharaunda, dzidziso yemitauro inogona kuratidza rusarura rwakavakirwa pamutauro, sekushungurudzwa nekuda kwematauriro, kurambwa kwebasa nekuda kwekusanzwisisika, kana rusaruro mumabasa everuzhinji. Nekunzwisisa hukama huripo pakati pemutauro nesimba zvakazara, kupindira kunogona kugadzirwa zvakanyatsonaka—semuenzaniso, kudzidziswa kunonyanya kukoshesa mutauro kwemasangano kana marongero anocherechedza kudiwa kwekushandura.
Penutup
Nzira yekuongorora mitauro inotikoka kuti tione mutauro sehwindo uye chishandiso chekuumba hupenyu hwevanhu. Mutauro hausi kungoumbwa kwemazwi chete kana mitemo yekunyora, asi tsika yakabatana nenhoroondo, hunhu, manzwiro, masangano, uye hukama hwemasimba. Nekubatanidza ethnography, ongororo yekudyidzana, uye kunzwisisa mamiriro enharaunda akafara, mitauro yeanthropology inopa maonero akazara pamusoro pevanhu.
Pakupedzisira, kunzwisisa mutauro zvakakwana zvinoreva kunzwisisa vanhu zvakakwana: kuti tinovaka sei nyika kuburikidza nemashoko, uye kuti nyika—kuburikidza netsika nesimba—inoumba sei mazwi atinotaura. Nzira iyi haingopfumisi sainzi chete asiwo inovhura nzvimbo yemitemo yemagariro evanhu netsika dzakaenzana kune kusiyana kwemitauro netsika.
