Nzira dzeKutsvagisa muLimical Anthropology
Kudzidza nezvevanhu mumitauro ibazi rekudzidza nezvevanhu mumitauro rinodzidza mutauro senzira yemagariro evanhu netsika. Chinangwa charo chikuru hachisi chekungotaura nezvemaumbirwo emitauro (akadai segirama kana phonology), asi pane kuti vanhu vanoshandisa sei mutauro kuvaka hukama, kutaurirana nezvevanhu, kuchengetedza simba, kudzora tsika, uye kuendesa ruzivo mumamiriro ezvinhu ezuva nezuva. Nokudaro, nzira dzekutsvagisa mukudzidza nezvevanhu mumitauro dzinowanzova dzemhando yepamusoro, dzemamiriro ezvinhu, uye dzinosimbisa basa renguva refu. Zvisinei, kufambira mberi kwazvino kwakavhurawo mikana yenzira dzehuwandu, ongororo yecorpus, uye digital ethnography yekuongorora maitiro emitauro munyika iri kuwedzera kuva yedhijitari.
1. Ethnography senzira huru yekuongorora madzinza evanhu
Nzira inonyanya kusiyanisa mukudzidza nezvemitauro ndeye ethnography, ongororo yemumunda yakanangana nekunzwisisa hupenyu hwevanhu kubva pamaonero evatori vechikamu. Mukudzidza nezvemadzinza evanhu, vaongorori vanowanzogara kana kuti vanowanzovapo munharaunda iri kudzidzwa, vachivaka hukama, vachitarisa zviitiko zvezuva nezuva, uye vachinyora maitiro ekutaurirana aripo. Kuongorora madzinza evanhu hakungounganidzi data chete asiwo kunovaka kunzwisisa kwekuti sei vanhu vachitaura sezvavanoita, pavanosarudza kuramba vakanyarara, kuti vanokwazisana sei, vanoseka sei, vanokakavadzana sei, kana kutaura nevamwe zvichienderana nehurongwa hwevanhu.
Kunyora nezvemadzinza evanhu kunobvumira vaongorori kuronga "mitemo isina kunyorwa" yekutaurirana: semuenzaniso, ndiani angatanga kutaura mumusangano wechivanhu, nzira dzekuremekedza dzinoshandiswa sei kuramba pasina kugumbura, kana kuti mimwe mitauro inoonekwa sei ine mukurumbira kupfuura mimwe. Saka, kunyora nezvemadzinza evanhu kunopa mamiriro ezvinhu anoita kuti ruzivo rwemitauro ruve nemusoro munharaunda netsika.
2. Kucherechedza kwevatori vechikamu
Kutarisa vatori vechikamu inzira huru inoenderana ne ethnography. Vaongorori havangotarise vari kure chete, asi vanoita mabasa emunharaunda—kusvika padanho retsika uye rinogoneka—vachibata zvinhu zvisinganzwisisike zvekutaurirana zvinowanzoshaikwa mukubvunzurudzwa kwepamutemo. Munyaya yemitauro, kutarisa vatori vechikamu kunobatsira vaongorori kunzwisisa zvinhu zvinoshanda zvakaita sekutaura, kumbomira, masaini, chitarisiko chechiso, uye mamiriro ezvinhu anokanganisa zvinoreva matauriro.
Semuenzaniso, chirevo chimwe chete chinogona kuva chakakomba kana chekuseka zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu uye hukama hwevanhu. Kutarisa kwevatori vechikamu kunogonesa vaongorori kunyora kuti zvinoreva "zvakabatana" sei mukutaurirana, kwete mumashoko chete.
3. Kurekodha kwechisikigo
Kurekodha hurukuro dzechisikigo inzira yakakosha nekuti zviitiko zvakawanda zvemitauro—zvakadai sekuchinja makodhi, kuseka, kukanganiswa, zviratidzo zvehurukuro (“eh,” “uh,” “uh”), kana nzira dzekuvhiringidza—zvinongoerekana zvaitika. Ruzivo rwakanyorwa runogona kuva rwekuteerera kana vhidhiyo. Vhidhiyo inowanzo kuve yakanaka pakuongorora zvinhu zvakawanda: zviito zvemaoko, kutungamira kwekutarisa, kureba kwemuviri, uye kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakakomberedza hurukuro.
Zvisinei, kunyora ruzivo rwechisikigo kunoda kungwarira kwetsika: kuwana mvumo yemutori wechikamu, kuchengetedza zvakavanzika, kudzivisa kurekodha mumamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara, uye kuve nechokwadi chekuti data rakachengetedzwa. Vaongorori vanofanirawo kufunga nezvemhedzisiro ye "pfungwa yemuoni," inova shanduko mumaitiro emutauro nekuda kwekuziva kurekodha. Kuti vaderedze izvi, vaongorori vanowanzo ziva uye vanoita kurekodha kunodzokororwa kusvika vatori vechikamu vanzwa vakasununguka.
4. Kubvunzurudza vanhu nemapoka evanhu uye kubvunzurudza kwakarongeka zvishoma
Kubvunzurudza vanhu mumitauro hakusi mibvunzo nemhinduro chete, asi inzira yekutsvaga ruzivo rwemunharaunda nezvemutauro: mafungiro emutauro, kuongororwa kwemitauro yakasiyana, ruzivo rwekusarurana kwemitauro, kana nzira dzemutauro mumamiriro ezvinhu akarongwa. Kubvunzurudza vanhu vanowanzo chinjika, vachitevera nyaya yemutauri, uye vachiisa pfungwa dzavo pakutanga.
Kubvunzurudza kwakarongwa zvishoma kunoshandiswa kana vaongorori vachida kuongorora nyaya chaiyo (semuenzaniso, kushandiswa kwemutauro kuchikoro, kumba, kana kubasa) asi vachibvumira kuongorora. Nzira iyi inobatsira pakuwedzera ruzivo rwekudyidzana rwechisikigo: vaongorori vanogona kubvunza nezvezvikonzero zvekusarudza mazwi, maonero pamusoro pehunhu hwakanaka, kana nhoroondo yekuchinja kwemutauro munharaunda.
5. Kuongorora hurukuro nekuongorora hurukuro
Kana data raunganidzwa, danho rekuongorora rinova rakakosha. Mukudzidza nezvemitauro, kuongorora hurukuro kunoongorora kuti mutauro unoumba sei chokwadi chemagariro evanhu—semuenzaniso, kuti nyaya dze "kufambira mberi" dzinotsanangurwa sei mumitemo yeruzhinji inoisa mitauro yemuno pasi. Kuongorora hurukuro kunoongorora kusarudzwa kweduramazwi, fananidzo, chimiro chenyaya, uye chinzvimbo chenyaya muchinyorwa kana kutaura.
Kuongorora hurukuro kunonyanya kutarisisa pakurongeka kwekutaurirana: kupatsanurana, kupatsanurana kwakatevedzana (mibvunzo-mhinduro, kukwazisana-kudzoserwa), nzira dzekugadzirisa, uye kuti vatori vechikamu vanochengetedza sei kutaurirana kwakanaka. Nzira iyi inobatsira pakuongorora zvinhu zvidiki zvinoratidza maumbirwo emagariro evanhu: ndiani anowanzo pindira, ndiani anofanira kumirira, kana kuti simba rinogadzwa sei kuburikidza nekupatsanurana.
6. Kunyorwa uye kutsanangurwa
Kunyora zvinyorwa (transcription) ndiro bhiriji riri pakati pedata risina kunyorwa uye ongororo. Mukutsvaga kwemitauro, kunyora zvinyorwa kunowanzo pfuura kungonyora mazwi chete. Kunogona kunyora matauriro, kumbomira, kusimbisa, kuseka, kutaura kunopindirana, uye zvinhu zvisiri zvemashoko. Masisitimu ekunyora zvinyorwa anogona kugadziriswa kuti aenderane nezvinangwa zvekutsvagisa: kana ongororo yekudyidzana ikanyatsotsanangurwa, kunyora zvinyorwa kwacho kunonyatso tsanangurwa.
Mamwe mashoko akajairikawo: semuenzaniso, kutara nguva dzekuchinja makodhi, kusanganisira mamorekuru emitauro isina kunyorwa, kana kunyora mamiriro ezvinhu (ndiani ari kutaura naani, mumamiriro api ezvinhu, nehukama hupi hwevanhu). Software yakaita seELAN kana Praat inowanzo shandiswa kuenderana nemazwi evhidhiyo uye kubatsira kunyora makodhi.
7. Nzira dzekuenzanisa uye zvidzidzo zvekusiyana-siyana
Kudzidza nezvemitauro kunoshandisawo kuenzanisa mamiriro ezvinhu, mapoka, kana zvizvarwa kuti vaongorore shanduko yemutauro. Vaongorori vanogona kuenzanisa mashandisiro anoita vechidiki nevakuru kukwazisana, mutsauko wemutauro uripo pakati penzvimbo dzemumba nedzeveruzhinji, kana shanduko yemutauro inokonzerwa nekutama kwevanhu uye kufambira mberi kwemaguta. Kudzidza nezvekusiyana kwemitauro kunobatsira kunzwisisa kuti sarudzo yemitauro inobatana sei nehunhu (murume kana mukadzi, kirasi, dzinza, chitendero), pamwe nekuti nzanga dzinokoshesa sei mamwe marudzi emitauro.
Mune zvimwe zviitiko, nzira dzehuwandu dzinoshandiswa kusvika pamwero mudiki, semuenzaniso kuverenga kuwanda kwekuchinja kwekodhi kana kuitika kwemamwe mafomu muchikamu chekutaurirana, uye wobva waadudzira nenzira yehunhu mukati memamiriro etsika.
8. Kutsvaga ruzivo rwevanhu nevezvenhau paindaneti
Kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji kwakagadzira nzvimbo itsva dzekutaurirana: social media, mapoka ekukurukurirana, mitambo yepamhepo, uye mapuratifomu mapfupi evhidhiyo. Ruzivo rwemitauro ikozvino rwunoongorora zvakanyanya maitiro emitauro munzvimbo dzedhijitari, kusanganisira memes, emojis (sezviratidzo zvinoshanda), maitiro emitauro "alay", mitauro yakasanganiswa, uye kuumbwa kwenharaunda kwakavakirwa pahashtag.
Kuongororwa kwetsika dzedhijitari kunogadzirisa misimboti yetsika dzevanhu: vaongorori vanoongorora kudyidzana, vanonzwisisa tsika dzemunharaunda, mamiriro ezvinyorwa (maficha, maalgorithms, mitemo yekuenzanisa), uye vanofunga nezvetsika dzeveruzhinji nedzevanhu. Ruzivo rwedhijitari runoda kungwarira nekuti zviratidzo zvepamhepo zvinokopwa uye zvinogovaniswa zviri nyore; kusazivikanwa uye kubvumirana zvinhu zvakakosha.
9. Tsika dzekutsvaga
Tsika ndidzo hwaro hwenzira dzekutsvagisa dzemitauro. Vatsvagiri vanofanira kuona kuti vanhu vanobvumirana, kuchengetedza zvakavanzika, kuremekedza tsika dzemunharaunda, uye kufunga nezvemhedzisiro yekutsvagisa munharaunda. Mumamiriro ezvinhu emitauro mishoma kana iri munjodzi, vatsvagiri vanofanira kudzivirira kuwana ruzivo pasina kudzokorodza. Maitiro akanaka anosanganisira kugovana zvabuda mukutsvagisa, kuita kuti magwaro emutauro asvike munharaunda, kana kubatanidza vatauri sevashandi pamwe chete, kwete "zvinhu" zvekutsvagisa chete.
Penutup
Nzira dzekutsvagisa mukudzidza nezvemitauro dzinoda musanganiswa wekunzwisisa mitauro zvakanyanya uye kunzwisisa kweanthropology. Ethnography, kutarisa kwevatori vechikamu, kurekodha data rechisikigo, kubvunzurudza, uye ongororo yehurukuro nehurukuro zvishandiso zvakakosha zvekunzwisisa mutauro senzira yemagariro evanhu. Munguva yedhijitari, nzira idzi dzakawedzera kuburikidza ne ethnography yepamhepo uye ongororo yekutaurirana kwakabatana. Pakupedzisira, simba rekudzidza nezvemitauro riri mukukwanisa kwayo kubatanidza zvinhu zvidiki zvemutauro - senge sarudzo yemazwi, kumira, kana maitiro ekuseka - kune maumbirwo akakura emagariro evanhu: hunhu, simba, tsika, uye shanduko yetsika. Nenzira dzakakodzera uye tsika dzakasimba, tsvakiridzo yemitauro yeanthropology inogona kupa mipiro yakakosha mukunzwisisa kwedu vanhu uye kusiyana kwenzira dzatinotaura.
