Anthropology yeMutemo neRuramisiro Yevanhu: Kutevera Nzira dzeKudyidzana Kwetsika neMutemo
Mukutaura nezveruramisiro munharaunda uye mafambiro emutemo, Legal Anthropology inopa nzira yakasiyana uye ine chinangwa. Legal Anthropology ibazi resainzi rinoongorora kuti mutemo unonzwisiswa sei, unoshandiswa sei, uye unoshandiswa sei mutsika dzakasiyana-siyana. Kubatanidza nzira dzeanthropology nemaonero nedzidziso yemutemo, bazi iri resainzi rinoshanda kunzwisisa mutemo kwete seti yemitemo kana mitemo chete, asiwo sechiitiko chemagariro chinopesvedzerwa netsika, tsika, uye zvitendero zvenzanga.
Mukunzwisisa kururamisira kwevanhu, Legal Anthropology inowedzera ruzivo rwedu, ichiwedzera kupfuura mitemo yakanyorwa kana yepamutemo yakaiswa nehurumende. Asi, inoziva basa remutemo wetsika , tsika dzevanhu, uye tsika dzinoumba hupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwevanhu vemunharaunda nevanhu. Nokudaro, kushandiswa kweruramisiro yevanhu hakugone kungovimba chete nekududzirwa kwepamutemo; zvinodawo kunzwisisa mamiriro emagariro evanhu netsika zvinopesvedzera maitiro evanhu nezvitendero zvepamutemo.
Nhoroondo neKushanduka kweAnthropology yeMutemo
Kudzidza nezvevanhu vemutemo kwakatanga sechidzidzo chekutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, nerubatsiro rwakakosha kubva kunyanzvi dzakadai saE. Adamson Hoebel naBronislaw Malinowski. Malinowski, nyanzvi yezvevanhu yekuBritain-Poland, aive mumwe wevakatanga kudzidza mutemo munharaunda "dzekare". Akaziva kuti mutemo munharaunda dzemunharaunda dzakadai seTrobriands haugone kuparadzaniswa nemamiriro avo emagariro evanhu nehupfumi. Zvidzidzo izvi zvepakutanga zvakapikisa maonero emutemo ane pfungwa dzakanaka, ayo aiona mutemo sechinhu chakasiyana zvachose nezvinhu zvemagariro evanhu netsika.
Nekufamba kwenguva, Legal Anthropology yakashanduka uye yakachinjika kumamiriro emagariro evanhu, ezvematongerwo enyika, uye ehupfumi pasi rese. Nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzakatanga kuongorora kuti mitemo yekoloni neyapashure pekoloni inokanganisa sei nharaunda dzemuno, uye kuti kusaruramisira kwepamutemo kunowanzoitika sei mumamiriro ezvinhu enyika dziri kuedza kushandisa mutemo wepamutemo kumasangano akasiyana-siyana emagariro evanhu .
Mutemo neRuramisiro Yevanhu
Ruramisiro rwevanhu ipfungwa ine mativi akawanda, inosanganisira kuenzana, kodzero dzevanhu , kugoverwa kwezviwanikwa, uye mikana yakaringana yevanhu vese munharaunda. Zvisinei, ruramisiro rwevanhu harugone kuwanikwa chete kuburikidza nemutemo wepamutemo pasina kufunga nezvemamiriro ezvinhu akakura munharaunda netsika. Apa ndipo panonyanya kukosha basa reLegal Anthropology.
1. Kuenzana Kwepamutemo uye Matunhu Mashoma
Chimwe chezvipo zvikuru zvekudzidza nezvevanhu vemutemo kunzwisisa kuti mutemo hauwanzorerekera uye unogona kushandiswa sechishandiso chesimba chinosimbisa kusaruramisira munharaunda. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, vanhu verudzi, vechitendero, kana vevanhurume nevanhukadzi vanosarurwa nekuti mitemo yepamutemo haichinjiki kune zvavanoita munharaunda . Semuenzaniso, mumamiriro emutemo wetsika munyika dzakawanda, vakadzi vanowanzova nekodzero shoma dzepamutemo kupfuura varume. Zvisinei, kuburikidza nezvidzidzo zvevanhu, tinogona kuona kuti mumabasa ezuva nezuva, vakadzi vanoita nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuramba uye kugadzirisa kuti vakunde zvipingamupinyi izvi.
2. Mutemo weChivanhu neRuramisiro Yekudzoreredza
Zvidzidzo zvemutemo zvinoratidzawo kukosha kwemutemo wetsika neruramisiro yekudzorera mukugadzirisa kusawirirana. Maitiro ekutonga anowanzo tarisa pakuranga, nepo ruramisiro yekudzorera ichitsvaga kugadzirisa hukama hwakakanganiswa nemhosva kana kutyora mutemo. Munharaunda zhinji dzemuAsia, Africa, neLatin America, maitiro ekutonga anotungamira anokosheswa kupfuura kuranga kwakarongeka. Izvi zvine chekuitawo nepfungwa yekuenzana kwevanhu uye kuwirirana, izvo zvinoonekwa sezvakakosha kupfuura kuranga chete.
3. Mutemo neKodzero dzevanhu
Chimwe chikamu cheruramisiro munharaunda chinoonekwa kuburikidza neLegal Anthropology kunzwisisa kodzero dzevanhu mukati metsika dzemuno. Pfungwa dzekodzero dzevanhu dzinowanzo kukanganiswa netsika netsika dzekuMadokero, izvo zvingave zvisingaenderane nezvitendero netsika munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi rose. Zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti kodzero idzi dzingabatanidzwa sei mutsika pasina kurasikirwa nepfungwa dzadzo dzakadzama.
Chidzidzo Chenyaya: Mutemo neRuramisiro Yevanhu muIndonesia
Indonesia, ine kusiyana kwayo kwakasiyana-siyana kwemadzinza, zvitendero, uye tsika, inopa nyaya dzakawanda dzinonakidza dzekutsvaga maererano neruzivo rwevanhu nemutemo uye kururamisira kwevanhu. Munzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzeIndonesia, mutemo wetsika uchiri kukanganisa hupenyu hwenharaunda zvakanyanya, kunyangwe kana ukatarisana nemitemo yakagadzwa nehurumende.
1. Mutemo wetsika nekurwisana kwekurima
Munzvimbo zhinji dzeIndonesia, kusawirirana kwezvekurima kunowanzo sanganisira mutemo wetsika nemutemo wenyika. Nharaunda dzevagari vemo dzinowanzo funga kuti kodzero dzavo dzevhu nezviwanikwa hazvizivikanwe nemutemo wepamutemo, zvichivaita kuti varambe mitemo yenyika yavanoona seisina kururama. Kusawirirana pakati pePT Freeport muPapua nenharaunda dzevagari vemo muenzaniso mumwe chete apo mutemo wepamutemo nemutemo wetsika zvinosangana, zvichikonzera kusaruramisira kukuru munharaunda dzevagari vemo.
2. Kururamisira Kunodzoreredza Munharaunda yeDayak
MuKalimantan, vanhu veDayak vanoshandisa nzira yekutonga yetsika inotarisa pakugadzirisa nekudzorera hukama hwevanhu pane kupa chirango chakaoma. Munzira iyi, vanopara mhosva vanowanzoita nzira yekuyananisa inosanganisira vakuru vetsika neanobatwa, nechinangwa chekusvika pakugadzirisana murunyararo kunogutsa mapato ese anobatanidzwa.
3. Vakadzi muMutemo wetsika weAcehnese
MuAceh, kushandiswa kwemutemo wetsika nemutemo weIslam zvinopesvedzera hupenyu hwemagariro evanhu nekodzero dzevakadzi. Dzidzo yezvemitemo inogona kupa ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro pekuti vakadzi vemuAcehnese vanofamba sei nemitemo yetsika nemutemo weSharia, uye kuti vanotaura sei ruramisiro muhupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva.
Mipiro uye Matambudziko eLegal Anthropology
Kudzidza nezvevanhu vemutemo kunopa mipiro yakawanda inokosha mukunzwisisa nekusimudzira kururamisira kwevanhu. Kuburikidza nekudzidza kwakadzama uye kuongorora, nyanzvi dzezvevanhu vemutemo dzinogona kuona tsika dzinosimbisa kusaruramisira kwevanhu uye kuona nzira dzekuvaka masisitimu emutemo anobatanidza vanhu vose uye akarurama. Zvisinei, chidzidzo ichi chinosanganawo nematambudziko makuru, kusanganisira nyaya dzetsika mukutsvagisa uye zvipingamupinyi mukushandisa zvakawanikwa muzvidzidzo kuhurongwa hweveruzhinji hunoshanda.
Mhedziso
Kudzidza nezvevanhu vemutemo kunotipa mukana wekunzwisisa mutemo nenzira yakakura: kuuona sechikamu chakakosha chetsika, hupfumi, uye chimiro chemagariro evanhu . Nekugamuchira nzira iyi, tinogona kuwana nzira dzinoshanda uye dzakaenzana dzekusimbisa mutemo uye kuwana kururamisira kwechokwadi munharaunda. Zvidzidzo zvakadzama zvekudyidzana pakati pemutemo netsika hazvingopfumisi sainzi chete asiwo zvinopa mupiro chaiwo mukuvaka nzanga yakarongeka uye yakaenzana.
