Ngā Pūwhakawhiti: Te Pūtake o te Hangarau Hou
Pendahuluan
Ko te transistor tētahi o ngā mea tino nui i hangaia i te rautau 20, e huri ana i te ao hangarau. Ehara i te mea he wāhanga nui noa iho i roto i ngā taputapu hiko, engari kua akiakihia hoki e ia te auahatanga i roto i ngā mara hangarau me te pūtaiao. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga he aha te transistor, tōna hītori, me pēhea te mahi, me tōna awe ki te whanaketanga o te hangarau hou.
He aha te transistor?
Ki te whakarapopoto, he wāhanga haurua-ira te transistor e whakamahia ana hei whakahaere i te iahiko hiko. E rua ngā mahi matua a te transistor: hei pana, hei whakakaha rānei. I roto i ngā mahi pana, ka taea e te transistor te tahuri, te whakaweto rānei i te rere o te iahiko hiko. Hei whakakaha, ka taea e te transistor te whakakaha i te tohu hiko e haere mai ana.
Hītori o ngā Transistors
I mua i te hanganga o te transistor, i whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā ngongo korehau i roto i ngā hikohiko. Heoi, he ngoikoretanga anō ō ngā ngongo korehau: he matotoru, he ngāwari te whakamahana, ā, kāore i te whai hua. Nō reira, ka tīmata ngā kairangahau ki te rapu i ngā otinga whai hua me te whai hua.
I te tau 1947, tokotoru ngā kaipūtaiao o Bell Laboratories—ko John Bardeen, ko Walter Brattain, me William Shockley—i whakawhanake i te transistor tuatahi. Ko tēnei kitenga i puta mai i te rangahau whānui mō ngā āhuatanga o ngā semiconductors. Mō tēnei whakatutukitanga, i whakawhiwhia rātou ki te Tohu Nobel mō te Ahupūngao i te tau 1956.
Ngā momo transistors
1. Pūwhakawhiti Ā-rua (Pūwhakawhiti Hononga Ā-rua/BJT):
E rua ngā momo o ēnei transistors, arā, ko te NPN me te PNP, ā, ka mahi ēnei transistors i runga i te rere o te iahiko hiko mai i te turanga ki te kaituku hiko. Ko ngā BJT te nuinga o te wā e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā tono whakanui tohu nā te mea ka taea e rātou te whakarato i ngā iahiko teitei ake.
2. Pūwhakawhiti Pānga-Whare (FET):
He rerekē ngā FET i ngā BJT, ā, ka whakahaeretia e ngā FET te rere o te iahiko mā roto i tētahi mara hiko. Ko te momo FET tino noa ko te MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor), e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā ara iahiko matihiko me ngā rorohiko.
Te Mātāpono Mahi o te Transistor
1. Pūwhakawhiti Pūrua-rua (BJT):
I roto i te BJT, e toru ngā paparanga haurua-ira: te kaituku, te turanga, me te kaikohi. I roto i te transistor NPN, ina tukuna he ngaohiko iti ki te turanga, ka rere he iahiko hiko mai i te kaituku ki te turanga, kātahi ki te kaikohi. Mā tēnei tukanga ka taea e te transistor te 'whakakā', te 'whakaweto' rānei i tētahi iahiko hiko nui ake.
2. Pūwhakawhiti Pānga Mara (FET):
E toru ngā pito o te FET: te pūtake, te kēti, me te rerenga wai. Ina pāngia te kēti e te ngaohiko, ka whakahaeretia e te mara hiko e puta mai ana te rere o te iahiko i waenga i te pūtake me te rerenga wai. Mā tēnei ka pai ake te whai hua o ngā FET i roto i ngā tono iti-mana.
Te Whakamahinga o ngā Transistors i roto i te Hangarau Hou
1. Ngā Rorohiko me ngā Pūtukatuka Moroiti:
He poraka hanga matua ngā transistors i roto i te hanganga o ngā tukatuka iti o ēnei rā. Ka taea e te tukatuka iti o ēnei rā te whakauru i ngā piriona transistors e mahi ana hei pana iti hei whakahaere i ngā tohutohu arorau, e āhei ai te rorohiko ki te mahi tere me te whai hua i ngā mahi uaua.
2. Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Pūkoro:
Ko ngā waea atamai e whakamahia ana e tātou i ia rā, e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki ngā transistors i roto i ā rātou maramara mō te tukatuka raraunga, te whakanui tohu, me ētahi atu mahi. Ki te kore he transistors, e kore e taea te whakaiti me te whai huatanga e taea ai ngā waea atamai.
3. Ngā Hikohiko Kaihoko:
Ko ngā hua pēnei i ngā pouaka whakaata, ngā reo irirangi, me ngā taputapu oro e whakamahi ana i ngā transistors hei tukatuka tohu me te whakanui. I roto i ngā taputapu oro, ka whakamahia ngā transistors i roto i ngā whakakaha hei whakarato i te oro mārama, kaha hoki.
4. Ahumahi Motuka:
Kei ngā waka hou ngā taputapu hiko kua whakauruhia ki te transistor, mai i ngā pūnaha infotainment ki te whakahaere miihini me ngā pūnaha whakahaere tukunga.
5. Ngā Pūrere Hauora:
Ka whakamahia e ngā taputapu hauora pēnei i ngā taputapu aroturuki manawa me ētahi atu taputapu tātaritanga ngā transistors hei whakarite i te mahi pono me te tika.
Te Ao o ngā Transistors
I te whanaketanga o te hangarau, kei te auaha tonu ngā transistors i te rahi me te mahi. Ko tētahi ia o ngā mahi nui ko te whakaitiiti mā te hangarau nanometer, e āhei ai te whakanoho i ētahi atu transistors ki runga i te maramara kotahi me te kore e whakanui ake i te rahi o te maramara tonu.
Kei te haere tonu ngā rangahau mō ngā rauemi haurua-ā-ira hou pērā i te graphene me te molybdenum disulfide, e tuku ana i ngā tere teitei ake me te pai ake o te whakamahinga pūngao ki te whakataurite ki te silicon tuku iho.
Hei tāpiri, ko ngā rorohiko irahiko tētahi wāhi ka taea te whakakapi i ngā transistors tikanga e ngā qubits, arā, ngā waeine taketake o te rorohiko irahiko, engari ka whai wāhi tonu ngā transistors ki te whakahaere me te ine i te āhua o aua qubits.
Te Katinga
Ehara i te mea he wāhanga iti noa iho ngā transistors i roto i ngā ara iahiko hiko; ko rātou te pūtake o te hangarau hou e pārekareka ana ki a tātou i ēnei rā. Mai i ngā rorohiko ki ngā taputapu hauora me ngā waea atamai, he mahi nui, he mahi whānui hoki tā ngā transistors. Hei wāhanga e whakahaere ana i te rere o te iahiko hiko, kua whakatuwherahia e ngā transistors te tatau ki ngā auahatanga maha, ā, kua taea ai te whanaketanga hangarau whakamiharo i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā mara.
Mā te tūhuratanga me te auahatanga tonu, ka tiaho te āhua o te heke mai o te transistor, pērā i tōna mua. Ka haere tonu ngā rangahau hou me ngā rauemi hou ki te pana i ngā rohe o ngā mea ka taea, kia mau tonu ai te wāhi nui o ngā transistors ki tō tātou ao hangarau.
