Porowhita Whakauru (IC)
He wāhanga matua ngā ara iahiko whakauru, arā, ngā IC, i roto i te whanaketanga o te hangarau hiko hou. I roto i ngā tekau tau kua pahure ake nei, kua tino rerekē te āhua o tā tātou hoahoa me te whakamahi i ngā taputapu hiko e ngā IC, mai i ngā rorohiko ki ngā waea atamai. Ka ruku hohonu ake tēnei tuhinga ki te hītori, ngā wāhanga, ngā momo, me te pānga o ngā IC ki te hangarau me te hapori.
Hītori me te Whanaketanga o ngā Porowhita Whakauru
I tīmata te hītori o te ara iahiko whakauru (IC) i te tau 1958 i te kitenga tata tonu o te ariā kotahi i a Jack Kilby o Texas Instruments rāua ko Robert Noyce o Fairchild Semiconductor. I angitu te hoahoa me te hanga a Jack Kilby i te IC mahi tuatahi, i te kitenga anō hoki a Robert Noyce i tētahi huarahi matatau ake, whai hua ake hoki hei hono i ngā wāhanga i roto i tētahi maramara. E kiia ana rāua ko ngā paionia nui i roto i te ao. Nā ēnei kitenga i whakatakoto te turanga mō tētahi hurihanga nui i roto i te hikohiko.
Ko ngā ara iahiko whakauru tuatahi (IC) he torutoru noa iho ngā transistors i whakauruhia ki roto i te maramara kotahi. Heoi, kua tere haere ngā whanaketanga hangarau, ā, kua taea te whakauru i ngā rau, ngā mano, tae atu ki ngā piriona o ngā transistors ki roto i te maramara kotahi, te pūtukatuka iti e kiia nei e tātou i nāianei. I te tau 1965, i matapae a Gordon Moore, tētahi o ngā kaiwhakaū o Intel, ka rua te maha o ngā transistors i runga i te IC i ia rua tau. Kua kitea he tino tika tēnei matapae, e mōhiotia ana ko te Ture a Moore, ā, kei te arahi tonu i te whanaketanga o te hangarau semiconductor tae noa ki tēnei rā.
Ngā wāhanga IC
Ko te ara iahiko whakauru he kohinga o ngā wāhanga hiko maha kua whakakotahihia ki roto i te kete iti kotahi. Ko ngā wāhanga matua o te IC ko:
1. Pūwhakawhiti: He huānga taketake tēnei e mahi ana hei pana, hei whakakaha tohu rānei.
2. Ātete: Whakahaere i te rere o te iahiko hiko i roto i te ara iahiko.
3. Pūnga Whakapūngao (Pūnga Whakapūngao): Ka rongoa, ka tuku hoki i te utu hiko.
4. Diode: Ka taea te rere o te iahiko i te taha kotahi anake.
Ka whakaritea, ka honoa hoki ēnei wāhanga katoa ki runga i tētahi maramara i hangaia ki tētahi rauemi haurua-ira, ko te silicon te tikanga. Kei roto i te hangarau hanga he tukanga motuhake pēnei i te whakaahua-ipurangi, e āhei ai te tā i ngā tauira uaua ki runga i te mata silicon me te tino tika.
Ngā momo IC
He maha ngā momo IC kua hangaia mō ngā tono rerekē. I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā IC ki ngā kāwai e whai ake nei:
1. IC Mamati
Ka mahi ngā IC matihiko me ngā tohu rua (0 me te 1) ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā taputapu rorohiko me ngā taputapu whakawhitiwhiti kōrero. Ko ngā tauira o ngā IC matihiko ko:
– Pūtukatuka iti: E whakamahia ana i roto i ngā rorohiko, waea pūkoro, me ētahi atu taputapu atamai. Ko te pūtukatuka iti te roro o te rorohiko, e whakahaere ana i ngā whakahau me ngā mahi maha.
– Mahara (RAM, ROM): Hei penapena raraunga mō te wā poto, mō te wā pumau rānei.
– Ngā Porowhita Arorau: Pērā i ngā keti arorau, ngā tīrai-kākahu, me ngā kaute e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā tono matihiko.
2. IC Analog
Ka mahi ngā IC Analog me ngā tohu tonu, ā, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia i roto i ngā tono oro, reo irirangi, me ngā pūoko. Ko ngā tauira o ngā IC analog ko:
– Whakakaha Mahi: Whakamahia i roto i ngā whakakaha tohu.
– Ngā Pūoko: Pēnei i ngā pūoko pāmahana, pēhanga rānei.
– Kaiwhakahaere Ngaohiko: Whakahaere i te ngaohiko hiko i roto i ngā taputapu hiko.
3. IC Tohu-Whakaranu
Ka whakakotahi ngā IC tohu-whakaranu i ngā āhuatanga matihiko me ngā āhuatanga anaro. Ko ētahi tauira o ngā tono ko ngā kaitahuri anaro-ki-matihiko (ADC) me ngā kaitahuri matihiko-ki-anaro (DAC), tae atu ki ngā IC mō ngā taputapu whakawhitiwhiti ahokore.
Ngā Painga me ngā Pānga o ngā Porowhita Whakauru
He whānui te pānga o te whanaketanga o te IC ki ngā momo mara, tae atu ki:
1. Te Whakaiti
Nā ngā ara iahiko whakauru (IC) kua taea te hoahoa i ngā taputapu hiko iti ake, māmā ake. Hei tauira, he nui ake ngā āheinga o ngā waea atamai hou i ngā rorohiko matua nui o mua. Kua hurihia e ēnei wāhanga iti te huarahi e kōrero ai tātou, e mahi ai, e pārekareka ai ki te whakangahau.
2. Te Whai Hua o te Pūngao
He nui ake te penapena hiko o ngā IC i ngā ara iahiko motumotu. Ko te tikanga he iti ake te wera e whakaputaina ana e ngā taputapu e whakamahi ana i ēnei, ā, he roa ake te ora o te pākahiko.
3. Whakapai Ake i te Mahi
Mā ngā IC, ka taea te whakahaere tere ake, me te pono ake hoki o ngā mahi uaua. Ko ngā tauira o te ao tūturu ko te rorohiko tauine nui e taea ai te whakatauira pūtaiao, te tātari raraunga uaua, tae atu ki te mātauranga horihori.
4. Te Whakaiti i te Utu
Nā te hanga papatipu o ngā IC kua whakaitihia te utu o ngā taputapu hiko maha, ā, kua iti ake te utu mō te tini o te tangata. Nā tēnei kua akiakihia te urunga o te hangarau ki te oranga o ia rā.
5. Auahatanga me te Whakatairanga Hangarau
Ko ngā IC te pou tokomanawa o te auahatanga puta noa i te whānuitanga o ngā mara hangarau, mai i ngā motuka (hei tauira, ngā motuka motuhake me ngā pūnaha āwhina taraiwa matatau) ki te hauora (hei tauira, ngā taputapu hauora whakauru me ngā taputapu tātaritanga matatau).
Ngā Wero me te Anamata o te IC
Ahakoa ngā whakatutukitanga maha, he maha ngā wero e pā ana ki ngā ara iahiko whakauru. Ko tētahi o ēnei ko te Ture a Moore, e tīmata ana ki te whakaatu i ngā tohu o te puhoi haere. Ko te iti ake o te hanga o ngā transistors, ko te nui ake o ngā wero e pā ana ki te pumau, te wera, me ngā pānga matū. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā rauemi e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga maramara silicon kei te eke ki ō rātou rohe ā-tinana.
Hei whakatika i ēnei wero, kei te tūhuratia ngā huarahi maha, tae atu ki te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi hou pērā i te graphene, ngā hangarau photonic, me ngā huarahi hoahoa hou pērā i te rorohiko irahiko me te rorohiko neuromorphic.
Whakamutunga
Kua hurihia e ngā hiko whakauru, ngā IC rānei, te ao hangarau me ō rātou wāhanga kiato, whai hua, me te utu tika. Mai i tētahi mea hanga noa i te mutunga o te tekau tau atu i 1950 ki ngā tukatuka moroiti matatau o ēnei rā, he mea nui te mahi a ngā IC ki te whakarerekē i te ao. E kitea ana tōna pānga i roto i ngā āhuatanga maha o te ao hou, ā, kei te haere tonu te auahatanga ki te aro ki ngā wero o te heke mai. Me ngā tono mai i te rorohiko ki te motuka, mai i te hauora ki ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, kei te kī tonu te heke mai o ngā hiko whakauru i ngā pūmanawa me ngā whai wāhitanga hou.
