Te Ariā a Keynes mō te Tono Moni: Te Mārama ki ngā Āhuatanga o te Pūtea i roto i te Ōhanga
Ko te ariā o te tono moni he ariā taketake i roto i te ōhanga whānui e āwhina ana ki te whakamārama he aha i whakatau ai ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā umanga ki te pupuri i ngā moni rerekē i ngā wā rerekē. Ko tētahi o ngā ariā tino whai mana i tēnei mara i ahu mai i a John Maynard Keynes, he tohunga ōhanga Piritana nāna i huri te huarahi e mārama ai tātou ki te ōhanga whānui me te kaupapa here pūtea me te moni.
He Kupu Whakataki ki te Ariā Whakaaro Keynesian
I whakaurua e Keynes tana ariā i roto i tana pukapuka rongonui, "The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money," i whakaputaina i te tau 1936. I whakahē te ariā a Keynes i te tirohanga tawhito e kī ana ka kawea aunoatia e ngā mākete te ōhanga ki te āhua o te mahi katoa. Ki tā Keynes, me whai wāhi nui te kāwanatanga me ngā mana whakahaere moni ki te whakahaere i te tono whānui i roto i te ōhanga.
I roto i te horopaki o tēnei ariā, i tautuhia e Keynes e toru ngā take matua mō te pupuri moni a te tangata, arā: te take tauwhitinga, te take tūpato, me te take whakapae.
1. Te Hiahia o te Tauhokohoko
Ko te kaupapa tauwhitinga te take matua e pupuri moni ai ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā pakihi. E hiahiatia ana te moni hei whakahaere i ngā tauwhitinga o ia rā, pērā i te hoko taonga me ngā ratonga. I te nuinga o te wā, me whiwhi moni ngā pakihi hei utu i ngā utu mahi, hei hoko rauemi mata, me te utu i ngā whakapaunga whakahaere katoa.
Ko te hiahia mō te moni mō ngā mahi tauhokohoko ka pāngia e ngā taumata whiwhinga moni. Ko te teitei ake o te whiwhinga moni a te tangata takitahi, a te kamupene rānei, ko te nui ake o te moni e hiahiatia ana hei utu i ngā whakapaunga o ia rā. I whakaatu a Keynes i te whanaungatanga tika i waenga i te hiahia mō te moni mō ngā mahi tauhokohoko me te taumata o ngā mahi ōhanga. I te tipu haere o te ōhanga, ka piki ake te hiahia mō te moni mō ngā mahi tauhokohoko.
2. Kaupapa Tūpato
Ko te tuarua o ngā kaupapa i roto i te ariā a Keynes mō te tono moni ko te kaupapa tūpato. E whakaatu ana tēnei i te hiahia o ngā tāngata takitahi, o ngā umanga rānei ki te pupuri moni hei rahui mō ngā āhuatanga ohorere. Hei tauira, ka penapena pea ngā whare i ētahi atu moni hei matapae i ngā whakapaunga ohorere, pērā i te tiaki hauora, te whakatikatika whare rānei.
I te taumata umanga, he mea nui te moni ohorere hei whakatika i ngā piki me ngā heke ohorere o ngā moni whiwhi, o ngā utu whakahaere rānei. Ka taea hoki e ngā āhuatanga o waho, pērā i ngā āhuatanga ā-taiao, ngā raruraru ōhanga rānei , te akiaki i ngā kamupene me ngā tāngata takitahi ki te whakanui ake i ā rātou rahui moni.
Ko te hiahia tūpato mō te moni ka pāngia e ngā taumata o te koretake o te ōhanga me te whaiaro . Ko te nui ake o te koretake e kitea ana, ko te nui ake o te hiahia ki te pupuri moni.
3. Ngā Kaupapa Whakaaroaro
Ko te kaupapa whakapae tētahi wāhanga e wehewehe ana i te ariā a Keynes mō te tono moni mai i ngā ariā o mua. I tautohe a Keynes ko te pupuri moni a te tangata nā runga anō i ngā whakaaro ki te reiti huamoni me ngā tumanakohanga mō ngā huringa o te uara o ngā rawa pūtea, pērā i ngā here.
E ai ki a Keynes, ina iti ngā reiti huamoni, he nui ake te tūponotanga o te tangata ki te pupuri moni i te hoko here, me te tumanako ka piki ake ngā reiti huamoni a muri ake nei, ā, ka heke iho ngā utu here. I tetahi atu taha, ina teitei ngā reiti huamoni, he nui ake te tūponotanga o te tangata ki te haumi i ā rātou moni ki ngā here, me te tumanako ka nui ake te hua o te whiwhi i te moni whiwhi i te pupuri noa i te moni.
He kaha te awe o ngā tumanakohanga mō ngā panonitanga o ngā reiti huamoni ki te tono moni ā-pūtea. E whakaatu ana tēnei he hononga tata hoki te tono moni ki ngā āhuatanga o te mākete pūtea me ngā kaupapa here pūtea kua whakatinanahia e ngā peeke pokapū.
Ngā Pānga Kaupapahere o te Ariā a Keynes mō te Tono Moni
Ko tētahi o ngā takoha nui a Keynes mō te tono moni ko tana tirohanga he pānga nui tā te kaupapa here moni ki te ōhanga. Mā te whakahaere i te tuku moni me ngā reiti huamoni, ka taea e ngā peeke pokapū te awe i te nui o te moni e rere ana i roto i te ōhanga, ā, hei tāpiri atu ki te taumata o ngā mahi ōhanga.
Hei tauira, i roto i te wā o te ōhanga ōhanga, ka whakaitihia pea e te peeke pokapū ngā reiti huamoni hei akiaki i te haumi me te kai, me te tumanako ka piki ake te tono whānui. Mēnā he iti ake ngā reiti huamoni, ka iti ake te kukume o te penapena, nō reira ka nui ake te hiahia o te tangata me ngā pakihi ki te whakapau moni, ki te haumi rānei i ā rātou moni.
I tetahi atu taha, ina pāngia te ōhanga e te pikinga nui rawa, ka whakapiki ake pea te peeke pokapū i ngā reiti huamoni hei whakaiti i te tono whānui. I tēnei horopaki, ka nui ake te kukume i te pupuri moni, i te penapena rānei nā te mea ka nui ake te hokinga mai o te haumitanga i roto i te ahua o ngā reiti huamoni.
Te Arotake me te Whakawhanake Anō
Ahakoa he nui ngā takoha a te ariā a Keynes mō te tono moni ki tō tātou māramatanga ki te ōhanga, kua whakahēngia hoki, ā, kua whanakehia anō hoki. E kī ana ētahi tohunga ōhanga he tino whakangāwari rawa te tauira a Keynes i ngā whanonga tangata, ā, kāore e tino whakamārama ana i ngā āhuatanga hinengaro, pāpori rānei e awe ana i ngā whakataunga pūtea.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, kua hurihia hoki e ngā whanaketanga hangarau me ngā pūnaha utu hou te huarahi e whakahaere ai ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā pakihi i te moni. Nā ngā hanganga pūtea matihiko, pērā i ngā kāri nama me ngā utu hiko, kua whakaitihia te hiahia ki te pupuri i ngā moni nui mō ngā tauwhitinga o ia rā, mō ngā mahi ārai rānei.
Ahakoa rā, kei te whai tikanga tonu ngā mātāpono taketake o te ariā a Keynes mō ngā hihiri kei muri i te tono moni, inā koa i roto i te tātari i ngā kaupapa here moni me ngā urupare ki ngā huringa ohaoha.
Whakamutunga
Mā te ariā a Keynes mō te tono moni ka whakaratohia he anga kaha hei mārama he aha te tangata e pupuri moni ai i roto i ngā āhuatanga ōhanga rerekē. Mā te ruku hohonu ki ngā kaupapa tauwhitinga, te whakatūpato, me te whakapae, kāore i te whakamārama noa a Keynes i ngā whanonga o ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā umanga, engari i whakarārangihia hoki te ara mō te tūranga kaha o te kaupapa here moni ki te whakaū i te ōhanga.
Ahakoa kei te werohia tonutia ētahi āhuatanga o tēnei ariā e ngā huringa hangarau me ngā āhuatanga uaua haere o te mākete o te ao , he mea nui tonu te mauri o ngā whakaaro o Keynes ki te hanga i ngā kaupapa here ōhanga o ēnei rā. Kei te whakawhirinaki tonu ngā kaupapa here moni whai hua ki ngā mātāpono taketake o Keynes hei whakarite i te pumau ōhanga me te oranga whānui o te hapori.
