Hanganga Atomika me te Ripanga Āhuatanga o ngā Huānga
Pendahuluan
I te ao matū, he mea nui te mārama ki te hanganga ngota me te ripanga ā-pūmotu o ngā huānga. Mā te mārama hōhonu ki ēnei āhuatanga e rua ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te whakamārama i ngā āhuatanga me ngā whanonga o te matū. Pērā i te mārama ki ngā wheako, ngā take, me ngā tauira o te ao o ia rā ka taea ai e tātou te matapae i ngā tauhohenga matū, ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana, me te whanonga o ngā huānga i te ao whānui, mā te mārama ki te hanganga ngota me te ripanga ā-pūmotu ka taea ai e tātou te matapae i ngā tauhohenga matū, ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana, me te whanonga o ngā huānga i te ao whānui.
Hanganga Atomika
Ko ngā ngota ngā waeine taketake o te matū e hanga ana i ngā mea katoa e karapoti ana i a tātou. E toru ngā matūriki iti-ngota o ngā ngota: ngā porotona, ngā iōnitoru, me ngā irahiko. Ko ngā porotona me ngā iōnitoru te pūtake o te matū, ko ngā irahiko ia e porowhita ana i te pūtake i roto i ngā porowhita motuhake i roto i te kapua irahiko.
Pato
He matūriki utu pai ngā porotini e kitea ana i roto i te karihi o te ngota. Ko te maha o ngā porotini i roto i te karihi te mea e whakatau ana i te tuakiri o te huānga, e mōhiotia ana ko tōna tau ngota. Hei tauira, e ono ngā porotini o te ngota waro, e waru ngā porotini o te hāora. He tata te papatipu o ngā porotini ki te kotahi wae papatipu ngota (u).
Neutron
Ko ngā neutron he matūriki kore utu e kitea ana i roto i te karihi ngota. He tata rite te taumaha ki ngā porotana. Ahakoa kāore e pā ki te utu ngota, ka taea e te maha o ngā neutron i roto i te karihi te pā ki te pumau o te ngota me te whakatau i ōna isotope. Ko ngā isotope he momo rerekē o tētahi huānga he rite te maha o ngā porotana engari he rerekē te maha o ngā neutron.
Irahiko
He matūriki utu kino ngā irahiko e porowhita ana i te karihi ngota i roto i ngā porowhita motuhake, i ngā taumata pūngao rānei. He iti noa te papatipu o ngā irahiko ki te whakatauritea ki ngā porotona me ngā niutoroneta. Ko te tohatoha o ngā irahiko i roto i te ngota, i te whirihoranga irahiko rānei, e whakatau ana i ngā āhuatanga matū o taua huānga. He mahi nui tā ngā irahiko o waho rawa (ngā irahiko valence) i roto i te hanganga o ngā hononga matū.
Tauira Atomika
Mai anō i ngā wā onamata, kua whakawhanakehia e ngā kaipūtaiao ngā tauira maha hei whakamārama i te hanganga o ngā ngota. Mai i te tauira ngota māmā a Dalton ki te ariā ngota a Thomson, i whakaaro ai ko ngā irahiko he "pāni karepe," ki te tauira a Rutherford, i whakauru mai ai te ariā o te karihi ngota. Ko te tauira ngota hou e tino whakaaetia ana i ēnei rā ko te tauira miihini irahiko, i whakaurua mai e Erwin Schrödinger rāua ko Werner Heisenberg.
Tauira Hangarau Ianuma
Ko te tauira miihini irahiko he whakatikatika i te tauira Bohr o te ngota. I roto i tēnei tauira, kāore ngā irahiko e neke i roto i ngā porowhita motuhake, engari i roto i ngā porowhita, arā, he mahi pāngarau e tautuhi ana i te tūponotanga o te kimi i tētahi irahiko i roto i te wāhi toru-ahu. He rerekē ngā āhua me ngā kaha o ēnei porowhita, e mōhiotia ana ko ngā anga iti (s, p, d, f).
Ripanga Āhuatanga o ngā Huānga
Ko te ripanga ā-pūmotu, te pūnaha ā-pūmotu rānei, he whakaritenga o ngā huānga i runga i tō rātou tau ngota, te whirihoranga irahiko, me ngā āhuatanga matū. Ko te ripanga ā-pūmotu e mōhiotia ana e tātou i ēnei rā he hua o ngā whakatikatika a ngā kairangahau maha, ko Dmitri Mendeleev rāua ko Henry Moseley te mea tino rongonui.
Hītori o te Ripanga Āhua
He matū Rūhia a Dmitri Mendeleev, nāna i tito tuatahi te ripanga ā-pūmotu i te tau 1869 i runga i te taumaha ngota (papatipu ngota) me ngā āhuatanga matū. I matapaetia e Mendeleev te noho o ngā huānga kāore anō kia kitea me ō rātou tūranga i roto i te ripanga, ā, i muri mai ka whakamātauhia he tika. Nō muri mai ka whakatikatikaina e Henry Moseley te ripanga a Mendeleev mā te whakarite tika ake i ngā huānga mā te tau ngota (te maha o ngā porotona).
Hanganga Ripanga Āhua
Kua wehea te ripanga ā-pūmotu ki ngā wā me ngā rōpū.
Waho
He rarangi whakapae te wā i roto i te ripanga ā-pūmotu. He rite tonu te maha o ngā anga irahiko o ngā huānga i roto i tētahi wā, mai i te 1 (hauwai me te hēriuma) ki te 7 (ngā huānga transuranium).
Rōpū
He pou poutū te rōpū i roto i te ripanga ā-pūmotu. He rite te whirihoranga irahiko o ngā huānga i roto i tētahi rōpū, ā, nā reira i rite ai ō rātou āhuatanga matū. E rua ngā wāhanga nui o ngā rōpū: te rōpū matua (rōpū A) me te rōpū whakawhiti (rōpū B).
Akomanga Matua
Ko ngā rōpū matua ko ngā rōpū 1 (IA) ki te 18 (VIIIA), kei roto ko ngā huānga pēnei i ngā konganuku kawakore, ngā konganuku whenua kawakore, ngā halogen, me ngā hau rangatira. Ko ngā āhuatanga matū o ia huānga i roto i ēnei rōpū ka whakatauhia e te maha o ngā irahiko valence.
– Rōpū 1: Kawakore: Kei roto ko te hauwai, te konutai, te konutai, te pāhare pākawa, me ētahi atu. He konganuku tino tauhohe ēnei me te irahiko kotahi.
– Rōpū 2: Ngā Konganuku Whenua Kawakore: Kei roto ko te beryllium, te konupūmā, te konupūmā, me ētahi atu. He tino tauhohe hoki ēnei, ā, e rua ngā irahiko valence.
– Rōpū 17: Ngā Halogen: Kei roto ko te fluorine, te chlorine, te bromine, me ētahi atu. He konganuku kore-whakahohe tino kaha ēnei, e whitu ngā irahiko valence.
– Rōpū 18: Ngā Hau Rangatira: Kei roto ko te herium, te neon, te argon, me ētahi atu. He koretake ēnei, ā, he onge te tauhohenga nā te mea e waru ā rātou irahiko valence katoa.
Rōpū Whakawhiti
Kei roto i te rōpū whakawhiti ngā huānga mai i ngā rōpū 3 ki te 12, ko te nuinga he konganuku me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana motuhake pērā i te pakeke, te kawe hiko me te kawe wera, me ngā ira rewa teitei. Kei roto i ngā anga iti d me f ngā irahiko valence o ēnei huānga.
Ngā Āhuatanga Ā-Wā o ngā Huānga
Ko ngā āhuatanga ā-wā o ngā huānga he au, he tauira rānei o te whanonga o ngā huānga i roto i te ripanga ā-wā. Ko ētahi o ngā āhuatanga ā-wā nui ko:
Pūtoro Atomi
Ko te pūtoro ngota ko te tawhiti mai i te karihi ki te irahiko o waho rawa. Ka heke te pūtoro ngota mai i te maui ki te matau puta noa i tētahi wā nā te mea ka kukume mai te utu karihi e piki haere ana i ngā irahiko kia tata atu. Heoi, ka piki ake te pūtoro ngota mai i runga ki raro puta noa i tētahi rōpū nā te tāpiri o ngā anga irahiko.
Pūngao Whakakotahitanga
Ko te pūngao ionization te pūngao e hiahiatia ana hei tango i tētahi irahiko mai i tētahi ngota i roto i te āhua hau. Ka piki te pūngao ionization mai i te maui ki te matau puta noa i tētahi wā nā te mea ka kaha ake te kukume i ngā irahiko e te utu karihi kaha. I tētahi atu taha, ka heke te pūngao ionization mai i runga ki raro puta noa i tētahi rōpū nā te mea he tawhiti atu ngā irahiko i roto i ngā anga o waho i te karihi, ā, he iti ake te piri.
Te kaha hikohiko
Ko te irahiko-kore ko te kaha o te ngota ki te kukume i ngā irahiko i roto i te hononga matū. Ka piki te irahiko-kore mai i te maui ki te matau puta noa i te wā, ka heke mai i runga ki raro puta noa i te rōpū.
Hononga Irahiko
Ko te hononga irahiko te huringa pūngao e puta ana ina whiwhi te ngota i tētahi irahiko. Ka piki ake te kaha o te hononga irahiko mai i te maui ki te matau puta noa i tētahi wā, ā, ka iti ake te kaha mai i runga ki raro puta noa i tētahi rōpū.
Whakamutunga
He mea nui ki te matū te māramatanga whānui ki te hanganga ngota me te ripanga ā-wāhanga o ngā huānga. Mā te hanganga ngota ka mārama te whakaritenga me ngā āhuatanga taketake o ngā matūriki iti-ngota, ko te ripanga ā-wāhanga ia ka whakarato i tētahi anga mō te whakarōpū me te matapae i ngā āhuatanga o ngā huānga. Mā te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga e rua, ehara i te mea ka whiwhi noa tātou i te māramatanga hōhonu ki te matū engari ka taea hoki te whakamahi i taua mōhiotanga ki te rangahau, ki te ahumahi, me te hangarau.
