Hanganga Atomika: Te Pūtake o Ngā Mea Katoa
Ko ngā ngota ngā waeine taketake o te matū e hanga ana i ngā mea katoa o te ao whānui. He mea nui te mārama ki te hanganga ngota i roto i te matū, te ahupūngao, me ētahi atu mara pūtaiao, nā te mea ko ngā ngota te pūtake o te taunekeneke a ngā huānga me te hanga i ngā momo matū. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te hanganga o te ngota, te whanaketanga o te ariā ngota puta noa i te hītori o te pūtaiao, me ngā wāhanga matua e hanga ana i te ngota.
Hītori o te Ariā Atomika
I tīmata te ariā o ngā ngota i Kariki Onamata i te tohunga whakaaro a Democritus (460–370 BC), nāna i whakauru te ariā he mea tito te matū mai i ngā matūriki iti, kāore e kitea e kiia nei ko atomos, ko te tikanga "kāore e taea te wehewehe." Heoi, kāore tēnei whakaaro i tautokona e ngā taunakitanga whakamātautau, ā, he whakapae noa iho.
I tīmata te whakaaro pūtaiao mō te ariā o ngā ngota i te rautau 19 i te wā i whakaarohia ai e John Dalton, he kaipūtaiao Ingarihi, te ariā ngota Daltonian. I kīia i roto i tēnei ariā ko ngā mea katoa he mea tito mai i ngā ngota kore e taea te wehewehe, he rite tonu te momo ngota o ia huānga, ā, ka taea e ngā ngota o ngā huānga rerekē te whakakotahi hei hanga i ngā matū. He taahiraa nui tēnei i whakauru i te ariā o ngā ngota ki te ao pūtaiao.
Te Kitea o ngā Irahiko me te Tauira Atomika a Thomson
I te mutunga o te rautau 19, i kitea e te kaipūtaiao Piritana a J.J. Thomson te matūriki iti-atomika e mōhiotia nei ko te irahiko mā roto i ngā whakamātautau ngongo hihi katote. I whakawhanakehia e Thomson te tauira pūtini paramu, e whakaatu ana i ngā ngota hei porowhita utu pai me ngā irahiko e marara ana puta noa, pērā i te karepe maroke i roto i te taro.
Te Tauira Atomika a Rutherford
I te tau 1911, nā Ernest Rutherford, mā te whakamātautau e whakamarara ana i ngā matūriki ārepa ki runga i te pepa koura, i whakaatu angitu ia he iti rawa, he matotoru, he pū matua pai te kawenga o ngā ngota i waenganui, ā, i muri mai ka mōhiotia ko te karihi. Ka karapotia tēnei pū matua e ngā irahiko me te ātea takoto kau i waenganui i a rātou, he rerekē ki te tauira a Thomson, i tohu i te tohatoha o ngā irahiko e marara ana i roto i te porowhita pai.
Te Tauira Atomika a Bohr
I te tau 1913, i whakaurua e Niels Bohr tētahi tauira ngota matatau ake e mōhiotia ana ko te tauira Bohr. I whakaaro a Bohr kia neke ngā irahiko i roto i ngā porowhita motuhake, i ngā "angaanga" rānei, huri noa i te karihi me ngā pūngao motuhake. Ka taea anake e ngā irahiko te neke mai i tētahi porowhita ki tētahi atu mā te mimiti, te tuku rānei i te pūngao i roto i te ahua o ngā photon. He tino whai mana te tauira Bohr ki te whanaketanga o te ariā irahiko, ahakoa i kitea i te mutunga kāore i tino tika mō ngā huānga katoa.
Tauira Hangarau Ianuma
I te whanaketanga o te miihini irahiko, ka nui ake te uaua me te tika o ngā tauira ngota. Ko tētahi takoha nui a Erwin Schrödinger, nāna i whakauru te whārite Schrödinger, e whakaahua ana i ngā irahiko hei mahi ngaru e tohu ana i te tūponotanga o te noho ki tētahi wāhi motuhake huri noa i te karihi, kaua ki roto i tētahi porowhita pumau. Ko tēnei tauira, e kiia ana ko te tauira kapua irahiko, e whakaahua ana i ngā wāhi e kitea ai ngā irahiko, e kiia nei ko ngā porowhita.
Ngā Wāhanga Matua o ngā Atoma
E toru ngā momo matūriki iti-atomika matua o ngā ngota: ngā porotona, ngā irahiko, me ngā irahiko.
1. Ngā pūrotana:
– He utu pai tō ngā porotana, ā, kei roto i te karihi ngota. Ko te maha o ngā porotana i roto i te karihi te mea e whakatau ana i te momo huānga e pā ana. Hei tauira, ko te ngota he porotana kotahi te hauwai, ko te ngota he porotana e ono te waro. Ko te maha o ngā porotana te tau ngota.
2. Ngā neutron:
– Kāore he utu o ngā neutron (kore utu) ā, kei roto i te karihi ngota. Ka rerekē pea te maha o ngā neutron i roto i te karihi i waenga i ngā isotope rerekē o tētahi huānga kotahi. Hei tauira, e 6 ngā neutron o te waro-12, e 8 ngā neutron o te waro-14. Ka whai wāhi ngā neutron ki te papatipu ngota engari kāore e pā ki ngā āhuatanga matū o te huānga.
3. Ngā irahiko:
– He utu kino tō ngā irahiko, ā, ka neke haere i te karihi i roto i ngā porowhita i ngā taumata pūngao rerekē. He rite te maha o ngā irahiko i roto i te ngota kūpapa ki te maha o ngā porotona. Ko ngā irahiko te kawenga mō ngā āhuatanga matū o ngā ngota, nā te mea e whai wāhi ana rātou ki te hanganga o ngā hononga matū me ngā tauhohenga.
Hanganga Atomika me te Hononga Matū
Ka whakanohoia ngā irahiko i roto i ngā ngota ki roto i ngā anga pūngao rerekē i runga i te mātāpono Aufbau, te ture a Hund, me te mātāpono aukati a Pauli. He nui te awe o ngā irahiko i roto i te anga o waho rawa (e kiia nei ko ngā irahiko valence) ki ngā āhuatanga matū me te tauhohenga o ngā ngota. Ka taea te whakawhiti, te tohatoha rānei i ēnei irahiko valence ki ētahi atu ngota hei hanga hononga matū, pērā i ngā hononga covalent, ngā hononga ionic, me ngā hononga konganuku.
1. Ngā Herenga Hononga:
– Ka puta ina whakamahia ngātahitia e ngā ngota e rua tētahi, neke atu rānei, o ngā takirua irahiko valence. He maha ngā wā ka puta tēnei i roto i ngā ngota rauropi pērā i te wai (H2O) me te methane (CH4).
2. Ngā Here Ā-Ioni:
– Ka puta ina tukuna e tētahi ngota tētahi, ētahi rānei o ōna irahiko valence ki tētahi atu ngota, ka hua ake he katote utu pai (cations) me ngā katote utu kino (anions) e kukume ana tetahi ki tetahi. Ko tētahi tauira matarohia ko te tote tēpu (NaCl), he mea tito mai i ngā katote konutai (Na+) me te katote pūhaumāota (Cl-).
3. Ngā Herenga Whakarewa:
– Ka puta ina rere noa ngā irahiko valence i waenga i ngā katote konganuku kua utua pai, ka "pā" kaha, ā, ka puta he āhuatanga ahurei ki te konganuku pērā i te kawe hiko me te ngāwari ki te whakangawari.
Ngā Isotope me te Papatipu Atomika
Ko ngā isotope he momo rerekē o te huānga kotahi, he rerekē te maha o ngā neutron i roto i ō rātou karihi. Hei tauira, ko ngā isotope waro e tino kitea ana ko te waro-12 (6 ngā porotona me te 6 ngā neutron) me te waro-14 (6 ngā porotona me te 8 ngā neutron). Ko te papatipu ngota o tētahi huānga ko te papatipu toharite o ōna isotope katoa, e inehia ana i roto i ngā waeine papatipu ngota (amu).
Whakamutunga
Ko te mārama ki te hanganga ngota te mea nui ki te mārama ki te matū me ōna taunekeneke i roto i te ao tūroa. Mai i te ariā tōmua a Democritus mō te ngota ki ngā tauira miihini irahiko hou, kua hurihia e te whanaketanga o te ariā ngota te huarahi e titiro ai tātou ki te ao. Ko ngā ngota, me ō rātou wāhanga porotona, niutorone, me ngā irahiko, e hanga ana i ngā matū katoa, ā, he mahi nui tā rātou i roto i ngā tauhohenga matū me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o te matū. Mā te ruku hohonu, ka haere tonu ngā kaipūtaiao ki te tūhura i ngā mea hou mō te āhua taketake o te ao tūroa, ka whakatuwhera i ngā huarahi hou i roto i te hangarau me te pūtaiao.
