Te Huringa Pūtau: Te Pūtake o te Ora me te Tipu o te Pūtau
Ko te huringa pūtau te raupapa o ngā mahi e pā ana ki te pūtau i roto i tōna tipu me tōna wehenga. He mea nui te mārama ki te huringa pūtau nā te mea he tūāpapa tēnei mō te mārama ki te tipu, te whanaketanga, me te tiaki i a rātou anō e ngā rauropi. I roto i te koiora, ko te huringa pūtau he ariā matua e whakamārama ana i te oranga tonutanga o ngā pūtau.
He Kupu Whakataki ki te Huringa Pūtau
He maha ngā wāhanga o te huringa pūtau e āhei ai ngā pūtau ki te whakaputa uri. I te nuinga o te wā, e rua ngā wāhanga matua o te huringa pūtau: te wā-whakawhiti me te wā-whakawhiti. Ko te wā-whakawhiti te wā e tipu ai te pūtau me te whakarite mō te wehenga. I taua wā, ko te wā-whakawhiti te tukanga e wehea ai te pūtau kia rua ngā pūtau tamahine ōrite.
Ngā Wāhanga o te Huringa Pūtau
1. Atanga
Ko te wā-whakawhiti te wāhanga roa rawa atu o te huringa pūtau. I te wā-whakawhiti, ka tupu ngā pūtau, ka whakarite hoki mō te wehenga. E toru ngā wāhanga iti o te wā-whakawhiti: G1, S, me G2.
– Wāhanga G1 (Tipi 1): I tēnei wāhanga, ka nui haere te rahi o ngā pūtau, ka whakaputa i ngā momo pūmua me ngā whekau e tika ana mō te mahi a te pūtau. Ko te wāhanga G1 anō hoki te wā e tirotirohia ai e ngā pūtau mēnā he pai te taiao o waho mō te wehenga pūtau.
– Wāhanga S (Hanganga): I tēnei wāhanga, ka puta te tāruaruatanga DNA. Ka tāruatia te DNA o te pūtau kia rite ai te hanganga ira o ngā pūtau tamahine e rua.
– Wāhanga G2 (Tipi 2): Whai muri i te tāruaruatanga DNA, ka uru te pūtau ki te wāhanga G2, ka whakaputa i ētahi atu pūmua me ētahi atu hanganga e hiahiatia ana mō te mitosis. Koinei te wāhanga whakamutunga i mua i te wehenga o te pūtau.
2. Wāhanga Mitosis
Ko te mitosis te wāhanga e puta ai te wehenga pūtau, e āhei ai tētahi pūtau matua ki te huri hei pūtau tamahine e rua. Ka taea te wehewehe i te mitosis ki ētahi wāhanga: te prophase, te metaphase, te anaphase, me te telophase.
– Porowhita: I te porowhita, ka kitea ake ngā ira-kōroma kua tāruatia i raro i te karuārai i a rātou e matotoru ana, e whakapoto ana. Ka pakaru te kiriuhi karihi, ā, ka tīmata te hanga o te porowhita mitotic mai i ngā pokapū.
– Te Wāhanga Whakapūmau: I tēnei wāhanga, ka whakarārangihia ngā ira-chromosome i te taha o te ekueta o te pūtau, mā te miro mitotic spindle e āwhina. He mea nui tēnei whakarārangi kia whiwhi ia pūtau tamahine i te huinga ira-chromosome ōrite.
– Anaphase: Kei roto i tēnei wāhanga te wehenga o ngā chromosomes takirua, ngā chromatids rānei, e tōia ana e ngā muka spindle ki ngā pou rerekē o te pūtau. Mā tēnei ka whakarite kia rite te nui o te DNA o ia pūtau tamahine.
– Telophase: Ka tīmata te kiriuhi karihi ki te hanga hou huri noa i ngā huinga ira e rua kua wehe kē nei, ā, ka hoki ngā ira ki te āhua marara ake, ki te āhua wetewete rānei.
I muri i te wāhanga mitosis, ka puta he wehenga o te cytoplasm e kiia nei ko te cytokinesis, e wehewehe ai i te pūtau kia rua ngā mea motuhake ā-tinana.
Te Whakahaere i te Huringa Pūtau
He aha i pērā ai te whakahaere i te huringa pūtau? Kei roto i tētahi pūnaha whakahaere matatini te whakautu, e whakauru ana i ngā pūmua me ngā whākōkī maha e whakarite ana kia haere tonu ia wāhanga o te huringa pūtau i tōna huarahi tika. Ko ētahi o ngā ngota matua e whai wāhi ana ki te whakahaere i te huringa pūtau ko ngā cyclins me ngā kinases.
– Ngā Cyclin: I tapaina pēnei ēnei pūmua nā te mea ka rerekē te kukū o ō rātou pūtau i roto i te huringa pūtau. Ka herea, ka whakahohehia hoki e ngā Cyclin ngā whākōkī e kiia nei ko ngā kinase.
– CDK (Cyclin-Dependent Kinases): Ka mahi noa ēnei whākōkī ina herea ki ngā cyclins. Ka whakaohohia e tēnei huinga te mahi whākōkī hei pana i te pūtau mai i tētahi wāhanga ki tētahi wāhanga i roto i te huringa pūtau.
Mena he rerekētanga kei roto i tēnei whakaritenga, ka taea e ngā pūtau te wehewehe kore whakahaere, ka arahi pea ki ngā mate pēnei i te mate pukupuku. Nō reira, he mea nui te whakaritenga pakari hei pupuri i te hauora me te pumau o ngā rauropi.
Te Hiranga o te Huringa Pūtau
1. Te tipu o ngā rauropi
Ko te tipu o ngā mea ora e whakawhirinaki ana ki te wehenga pūtau kua whakaritea. Mai i ngā rauropi kotahi-pūtau ki te tangata, e whakawhirinaki ana rātou katoa ki te wehenga pūtau mō te whanaketanga me te whakatikatika i ngā kiko o te tinana.
2. Te Whakatika Whatunga
Mā te huringa pūtau ka taea e ngā pūtau te whakatika me te whakakapi i ngā kiko kua pakaru. Ina whara, ina pakaru rānei te kiko, ka wehea ngā pūtau o te rohe ka whakakapi i ngā pūtau kua ngaro, kua pakaru rānei.
3. Rangahau Matepukupuku
He maha ngā wā ka puta te mate pukupuku i te wehenga pūtau kāore i te whakahaerehia. Mā te mārama ki te huringa pūtau ka āwhina i ngā kairangahau hauora ki te whakawhanake i ngā maimoatanga e aro ana ki te wehenga pūtau mate pukupuku me te whakaiti i tōna pānga ki ngā pūtau noa.
Whakamutunga
He tukanga taketake te huringa pūtau e āhei ai te ora ki te noho tonu, me te whanaketanga o ngā rauropi. Mā te mārama ki ngā wāhanga o te huringa pūtau me ōna tikanga whakahaere, ka taea e tātou te mārama ake ki te pupuri i te ora me te pēhea e taea ai e ngā whakararuraru o tēnei tukanga te arahi ki te mate. Mā te mārama ki te huringa pūtau ka puta he māramatanga nui ki te whānuitanga o ngā mara, mai i te koiora whanaketanga ki te mate pukupuku. I te aro atu ki ngā wero o te ao pēnei i te mate pukupuku, ko te māramatanga pakari ki te huringa pūtau ka whakarato i te turanga mō te kimi otinga me te whakawhanake i ngā maimoatanga hou.
