Ngā ōrau o ngā raraunga rōpū: Te māramatanga me te tono
He wāhanga nui te tukatuka raraunga tatauranga o te tātari raraunga, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā momo mara pēnei i te ōhanga, te pūtea, te hauora, me ngā pūtaiao pāpori. Ko tētahi ariā e whakamahia pinepinetia ana i roto i ngā tatauranga hei whakaahua i ngā raraunga ko te ōrau. Ko te ōrau he uara e wehewehe ana i tētahi huinga raraunga kia kotahi rau ngā wāhanga ōrite. I roto i te horopaki o ngā raraunga rōpū, ka uaua ake te mārama me te tatau i ngā ōrau i ngā raraunga takitahi, kāore rānei i te rōpū. Ko te whāinga o tēnei tuhinga he tūhura i te ariā o ngā ōrau i roto i ngā raraunga rōpū, me pēhea te tatau i a rātou, me tā rātou tono i roto i te tātari raraunga.
Te Mārama ki ngā Pūrau
He māmā noa iho, he tikanga ine te ōrau e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā tatauranga hei whakatau i te tūranga whanaunga o tētahi uara i roto i tētahi huinga raraunga. Hei tauira, ko te ōrau 25 (P25) te uara kei raro iho i tēnei ka taka te 25% o ngā raraunga. Arā, ka taka te 75% o ngā raraunga ki runga ake i tēnei uara. Waihoki, ka whakamahia te ōrau 50 (waenga) me te ōrau 75.
He rerekē ngā ōrau i ngā hauwhā me ngā tetere i te maha o ngā wāhanga ka whakaputaina e rātou: ka wehea e ngā hauwhā ngā raraunga kia whā ngā wāhanga, ngā tetere kia tekau ngā wāhanga, me ngā ōrau kia kotahi rau ngā wāhanga.
Raraunga Rōpū
Ko ngā raraunga rōpū, ko ngā raraunga whakarōpū rānei, he raraunga kua whakarōpūtia ki ngā wā, ki ngā akomanga rānei. I roto i ngā raraunga whakarōpū, kāore ngā uara raraunga e tirohia takitahitia ana, engari hei rōpū. Ko te tikanga ka mahia tēnei me ngā raraunga tau me te maha o ngā kitenga hei whakahaere i te whakamaoritanga me te tātari. Ko ngā tauira o ngā raraunga whakarōpū ko ngā awhe tau, te moni whiwhi, ngā kaute whakamātautau rānei kua whakarōpūtia ki ngā wā motuhake.
Te Tatau i ngā Ōrau i roto i ngā Raraunga Rōpū
Ko te tatau i ngā ōrau i runga i ngā raraunga rōpū me whai i tētahi tātai rerekē i tērā mō ngā raraunga kore rōpū nā te mea kua whakaritea ngā raraunga i roto i tētahi tohatoha auau. Mā ngā mahi e whai ake nei ka whakamārama i te tukanga tatau:
1. Te Whakatau i ngā Herenga Akomanga me te Auautanga Whakaemi
Ko te taahiraa tuatahi ko te whakatau i ngā rohe akomanga me ngā auau whakaemi. Ko ngā rohe akomanga ngā tau e tautuhi ana i ia wā (akomanga) i roto i te tohatoha raraunga. Ko ngā auau whakaemi ko te tapeke o ngā auau o ia akomanga, mai i te akomanga tuatahi ki raro ki tētahi akomanga motuhake.
2. Te Whakatau i te Tūnga o te Pūrau
Hei kimi i te tūranga o te ōrau e hiahiatia ana \( P_k \), me whakatau tuatahi tātou i te tūranga o taua akomanga ōrau. Ko te ōrau k e pā ana ki te uara kei raro iho i te \( k% \) o ngā raraunga.
Ko te tūranga ōrau k ko: \( \frac{k}{100} \times N \)
ko \( N \) te tapeke o ngā kitenga.
3. Tāutuhia ngā Akomanga Pūrau
Mā te whakamahi i ngā tūranga ōrau kua tatauhia, ka taea e tātou te tautuhi i te wā, i te akomanga rānei kei roto i aua tūranga. Ka mahia tēnei mā te titiro mārire ki ngā auautanga tāpiripiri o ngā akomanga kia kitea rā anō te akomanga kei reira te ōrau.
4. Te Tatau i ngā Uara Pūrau
Kia kitea te akomanga ōrau, ka taea e tātou te whakamahi i te tātai e whai ake nei hei tatau i te uara ōrau:
\[ P_k = L + \left( \frac{\frac{k}{100} \times N – F}{f} \right) \times i \]
kāore i te mana:
– \( P_k \) = te ōrau k e rapua ana
– \( L \) = te rohe o raro o te akomanga ōrau
– \( F \) = te auau whakaemi i mua i te akomanga ōrau
– \( f \) = auau akomanga ōrau
– \( i \) = te wā akomanga
Tauira Tātaitanga Paerau
Me titiro tātou ki tētahi tauira tuturu hei whakamāmā ake i te mārama:
Me kī, he raraunga kaute whakamātautau tā tātou mō te 100 ākonga kua whakarōpūtia penei:
| Wā Kaute | Auautanga |
|———————|———–|
| 0 – 10 | 5 |
| 10 – 20 | 10 |
| 20 – 30 | 20 |
| 30 – 40 | 25 |
| 40 – 50 | 20 |
| 50 – 60 | 10 |
| 60 – 70 | 5 |
Ko te taahiraa tuatahi ko te tatau i te auau whakaemi:
| Wā Kaute | Auautanga | Auautanga Tāpiri |
|———————|—————–|————————|
| 0 – 10 | 5 | 5 |
| 10 – 20 | 10 | 15 |
| 20 – 30 | 20 | 35 |
| 30 – 40 | 25 | 60 |
| 40 – 50 | 20 | 80 |
| 50 – 60 | 10 | 90 |
| 60 – 70 | 5 | 95 |
Me kī tātou e hiahia ana ki te kimi i te ōrau 75 (P75):
1. Whakatauhia te tūranga P75:
\[ \text{Tūnga P75} = \frac{75}{100} \times 100 = 75 \]
2. Tāutuhia te akomanga kei roto te tūranga 75. Mai i te ripanga auau tāpiripiri, ka kite tātou kei roto te tūranga 75 i te wā kaute 40-50.
3. Tātaihia te uara P75 mā te whakamahi i te tātai kua hoatu:
\[
P_{75} = 40 + \left( \frac{75 – 60}{20} \right) \times 10
\]
\[
P_{75} = 40 + \left( \frac{15}{20} \right) \times 10
\]
\[
P_{75} = 40 + 7.5 = 47.5
\]
Nō reira, ko te kaute e tata ana ki te 75% iti rawa i roto i tēnei tohatoha raraunga ko 47,5.
Te Whakamahinga o ngā Ōrau i roto i ngā Raraunga Rōpū
He tino āwhina te whakamahinga o ngā ōrau i roto i ngā raraunga rōpū i roto i ngā momo āhuatanga tātari raraunga, tae atu ki:
1. Aromatawai Paetae a ngā Ākonga: I roto i te mātauranga, ka whakamahia ngā ōrau hei aromatawai i te mahi a te ākonga ki te whakataurite ki ētahi atu ākonga. Mā te mōhio ki te ōrau e eke ana te kaute a te ākonga, ka taea e tātou te mārama ki tōna tūranga whanaunga i roto i te rōpū.
2. Hauora: I roto i te ao hauora, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā ōrau hei ine i te tipu o ngā tamariki. Hei tauira, ka taea e te tākuta te whakatau mēnā kei roto te teitei, te taumaha rānei o te tamaiti i te ōrau 70 ki te whakataurite ki te taupori paerewa o ngā tamariki o taua tau.
3. Ōhanga me te Whiwhinga Moni: Ka whakamahia ngā ōrau hei mārama ki te tohatoha o te whiwhinga moni me te taonga i roto i tētahi taupori. He āwhina tēnei ki te tātari i te kore taurite me te rawakore, tae atu ki te whakamahere kaupapa here ōhanga.
4. Hinengaro me te Hapori: Ka āwhina ngā ōrau i te tohatoha o ngā kaute whakamātautau hinengaro, ā, ka taea e ngā tohunga hinengaro te whakatau mēnā kei roto ngā kaiwhakautu i te kāwai toharite, i raro iho i te toharite, i runga ake rānei i te toharite mō tētahi pūkenga motuhake.
5. Pakihi me te Hokohoko: I roto i te tātari mākete, ka whakamahia ngā ōrau hei wehewehe i ngā kiritaki i runga i te moni whiwhi, te whakapaunga, me ētahi atu whanonga kiritaki hei ārahi i ngā rautaki hokohoko me te pānuitanga whai hua ake.
Whakamutunga
He taputapu tino whai hua ngā ōrau i roto i ngā tatauranga hei mārama ki te tūranga whanaunga o ngā uara i roto i te tohatoha raraunga. Ahakoa he uaua ake te tatau i a rātou i roto i te horopaki o ngā raraunga rōpū i ngā raraunga takitahi, ka taea tonu te mahi mā te huarahi pūnaha. Mā te āheinga ki te whakamārama me te tatau i ngā ōrau i roto i ngā raraunga rōpū ka huaki he maha ngā whai wāhitanga mō te tātari raraunga hohonu ake, ā, he whai hua hoki i roto i ngā momo mahi.
Mā te mārama tika, ka taea e ngā ōrau te noho hei taputapu tino kaha mō te whakahaere i te uauatanga o ngā raraunga, e āhei ai ngā kaitātari me ngā kairangahau ki te whakatau pai ake i runga i ngā mōhiohio ka riro mai i a rātou.
