Ngā tauira pātai mō ngā hauwaiwaro
Pendahuluan
Ko ngā hauwaiwaro he matū e titoa ana i te waro (C) me te hauwai (H) anake. Ko ēnei ngā wāhanga matua o te hinu me te hau māori, ā, he mahi nui tā rātou i roto i ngā tukanga ahumahi me ngā mahi o ia rā. E rua ngā akomanga matua o ngā hauwaiwaro: te aliphatic me te aromatic. Ka wehea anō ngā matū aliphatic ki ngā alkanes, alkenes, me ngā alkynes i runga i te momo hononga i waenga i ngā waro i roto i ō rātou ngota. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka matapakihia e mātou ngā tauira raruraru e pā ana ki ngā hauwaiwaro me pēhea te whakaoti i aua raruraru.
Pātai 1: Te Tāutu me te Whakaingoa i ngā Hauwaiwaro
Pātai:
Tāutuhia, ka hoatu te ingoa IUPAC mō ngā matū warowaihā e whai ake nei:
1. CH₄
2. C₂H₆
3. C₂H₄
4. C₃H₈
5. C₄H₁₀
6. C₂H₂
Whakautu:
1. CH₄: Methane. Koinei te alkane māmā rawa atu me te ngota waro kotahi me ngā ngota hauwai e whā.
2. C₂H₆: Etāne. He ārani tēnei me ngā ngota waro e rua me ngā ngota hauwai e ono.
3. C₂H₄: Etene (etilene rānei). He ākene tēnei me ngā ngota waro e rua me ngā ngota hauwai e whā, kei roto ko te hononga takirua kotahi.
4. C₃H₈: Poropane. He ārani tēnei me ngā ngota waro e toru me ngā ngota hauwai e waru.
5. C₄H₁₀: Pūtāne. He ārani tēnei me ngā ngota waro e whā me ngā ngota hauwai tekau.
6. C₂H₂: Ethyne (acetylene rānei). He alkyne tēnei me ngā ngota waro e rua me ngā ngota hauwai e rua, kei roto ko te hononga takitoru kotahi.
Pātai 2: Ngā Isomera o te Pūtāne
Pātai:
Tāutuhia, ka whakaahuahia hoki ngā isomers hanganga o te butane (C₄H₁₀).
Whakautu:
E rua ngā isomers hanganga o te pūtāne:
1. n-Pūtāne: CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃ (mekameka tika).
2. Isobutane (2-methylpropane):
""
CH₃
|
CH₃-C-CH₃
|
H
""
Ko te isomer tuatahi, te n-butane, he mekameka waro tika, ko te isomer tuarua ia, te isobutane, he manga ōna me te herea o tētahi ngota waro pokapū ki ētahi atu ngota waro e toru.
Pātai 3: Tauhohenga Tahunga Propane
Pātai:
Tuhia te tauhohenga mura tino tika o te propane (C₃H₈).
Whakautu:
Mā te tahunga katoa o ngā warowaihā ka puta te hauhā waro (CO₂) me te wai (H₂O). Ko te tauhohenga matū koia tēnei:
\[ C₃H₈ + 5O₂ \rightarrow 3CO₂ + 4H₂O \]
I roto i tēnei tauhohenga tahunga, ka tauhohe tētahi ngota propane ki ētahi ngota hāora e rima hei whakaputa i ētahi ngota hauhā waro e toru me ētahi ngota wai e whā.
Pātai 4: Ngā Orbital Whakaranu i roto i te Ethene
Pātai:
Whakamāramahia ngā momo orbital whakaranu e puta ana i roto i ngā ngota waro i roto i te pūhui ethene (C₂H₄).
Whakautu:
I roto i te etene, ka pāngia ia ngota waro e te whakaranu sp². Ka whakakotahihia e tēnei whakaranu tētahi porowhita s me ngā porowhita p e rua hei hanga i ngā porowhita sp² e toru. Ka hangaia e ia porowhita sp² he hononga sigma me tētahi ngota hauwai, tētahi atu ngota waro rānei, ko ngā porowhita p kāore i whakamahia e taupatupatu ana ki te taha hei hanga hononga pi. Ka hua ake i tēnei tohatoha he hanganga me tētahi hononga takirua i waenganui i ngā waro.
Pātai 5: Te Tāutu i ngā Hauwaiwaro Kakara
Pātai:
He hauwaiwaro kakara te benzene? Whakamāramahia ngā āhuatanga o ngā hauwaiwaro kakara.
Whakautu:
Āe, ko te benzene (C₆H₆) he tauira noa iho o te warowaihā kakara. Ko ngā āhuatanga o ngā warowaihā kakara ko:
1. Hanganga Mowhiti: He hanganga mowhiti hexagonal tō te Benzene me ngā ngota waro e ono.
2. Hononga: Ka wehea ngā irahiko π i roto i te ngota benzene puta noa i te mowhiti katoa, ka hangaia he pūnaha π katoa.
3. Te Pūmautanga o te Āhuatanga: He tino pumau te Benzene nā te āhua o te āhuatanga, ina taupatupatu ngā hononga takirua me ngā hononga takitahi, engari he ōrite te tohatoha o ngā irahiko puta noa i te mowhiti.
4. te whakaranu sp²: Ka whakaranu sp² ia ngota waro i roto i te mowhiti benzene.
5. Ngā Koki Here: Ko ngā koki here CCC katoa i roto i te benzene he 120°, e rite ana ki te āhua papatahi tapatoru i hangaia e te whakaranu sp².
Pātai 6: Ngā Tauhohenga Tāpiri o ngā Alkene
Pātai:
Whakamāramahia te tikanga tauhohenga o te tāpiri o te bromine (Br₂) ki te ethene (C₂H₄).
Whakautu:
Ko te tikanga tauhohenga o te tāpiritanga o te bromine ki te ethene penei:
1. Tīmatanga: Ka whakatata atu te ngota pūremine (Br₂) ki te hononga takirua o te etene. Ka panaia e ngā irahiko π o te hononga takirua te takirua irahiko i roto i te hononga pūremine, nō reira kua porowhitahia te pūremine.
2. Te Hanganga o ngā Takawaenga: Ka whakaekea e ngā irahiko π mai i te hononga alkene tētahi o ngā ngota bromine, ka hangaia he warowaihā rangitahi, ka puta he takawaenga matatini katote bromonium.
3. Otinga: Ko te Bromide (Br⁻) i hangaia i te wā o te tukanga tīmatanga ka whakaeke i te warowaihā o te matatini bromonium mai i te taha ke (rohe tairongo), kia whakaitihia ai te here pi o te here takirua ki te here sigma o te here kotahi.
Ko te hua whakamutunga ko te 1,2-dibromoethane (C₂H₄Br₂):
\[ C₂H₄ + Br₂ \rightarrow C₂H₄Br₂ \]
Whakamutunga
Ka kapi te matapakinga o ngā warowaihā i ngā āhuatanga maha, tae atu ki te tautuhi me te whakaingoa i ngā pūhui, te isomerism, ngā tauhohenga matū, me te hanganga ngota. He mea nui te māramatanga pakari ki ēnei ariā mō te ako i te matū waro me ōna tono i roto i te ahumahi me te oranga o ia rā. Mā te mahi tonu me te whakaoti rapanga, ka pai ake te mārama ki te whanonga me ngā āhuatanga o ngā warowaihā. Ko te tumanako, kua āwhina ēnei tauira raruraru me ngā matapakinga ki te whakamārama i ngā ariā taketake o ngā warowaihā.
