Te Āhua o te Hurihanga o te Ture a Mendel
Ko te tuku iho ira tangata a Mendelian, arā, ko ngā mātāpono tuku iho ira tangata i whakatakotoria tuatahitia e Gregor Mendel, te pūtake o ngā ira tangata tawhito. E whakaahua ana ēnei ture i te tukunga iho o ngā āhuatanga mai i ngā mātua ki ngā uri, i runga i ngā ariā o ngā ira tangata matua me ngā ira tangata heke. Heoi, i te hohonu haere o tō tātou māramatanga ki ngā āhuatanga ira tangata, ka kitea he maha ngā wā ka rerekē te ao tūturu i ēnei tauira Mendelian māmā. Nā tēnei ka puta ake ngā mea e kiia nei e tātou he 'āhua rerekē' he 'āhua rerekē' rānei ki ngā ture a Mendel.
He Tirohanga Poto mō ngā Ira Mendelian
I mua i te ruku hohonu ki ēnei tūāhuatanga, he mea nui kia whakarāpopototia ngā ture a Mendel. E toru ngā mātāpono matua i whakaarohia e Mendel i runga i ana whakamātautau ki ngā tipu pī:
1. Ture Wehewehe: E rua ngā ira e mau ana i ia tangata, ā, ka wehea ēnei i te wā e hangaia ana ngā gametes.
2. Te Ture o te Whakarōpūtanga Motuhake: Ka wehe motuhake ngā ira mō ngā āhuatanga rerekē tetahi i tetahi.
3. Ture o te Mana: Ina kitea ngā ira rerekē e rua, ka taea e tetahi te huna i te pānga o tetahi.
Ahakoa ko ēnei ture te pūtake o te tuku iho ira, kāore e whai pānga ana ki ngā āhuatanga koiora maha e kitea ana i te ao tūroa.
Te Āhua o te Hurihanga Āhua
Ko ngā rerekētanga āhua, ngā tūponotanga āhua rānei, ka puta mai i ngā taunekeneke ira matatini kāore i roto i ngā ture a Mendel. Ka puta pea ēnei tūponotanga mai i ngā āhuatanga ira, taiao, epigenetic rānei. Kei raro nei, ka tūhuratia ētahi o ēnei tūponotanga tino kitea.
Te Mana Whakahaere Korekore
Ka puta te mana kore-oti ina he takawaenga te momo ira-kē o ngā momo ira-kē e rua, kaua e whakaatu i te āhuatanga mana. Ko tētahi tauira matarohia ko te tae putiputi o ngā tarakona-pōro, ina whakawhitia he tarakona-pōro whero me te mā ka hua ake he uri me ngā putiputi māwhero. E whakaatu ana tēnei āhuatanga i te āhua o te ariā o te mana i ētahi wā he mārama ake i tā Mendel i whakaahua tuatahi ai.
Te mana tahi
I roto i te codominance, ka tino whakaatuhia ngā ira e rua i roto i te takirua ira, ka hua ake he uri me te āhua e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga mātua e rua. Ko te pūnaha rōpū toto ABO i roto i te tangata he tauira pai. Ko ngā tāngata whai ira toto IAIB ka whakaatu i ngā antigens A me B ki runga i ō rātou toto whero, e whakaatu ana i te codominance.
Ngā Ārai Maha
Ko te nuinga o ngā whakamātautau a Mendel i ahu mai i ngā āhuatanga e whakahaerehia ana e ngā ira e rua. Heoi, he maha ngā ira he nui atu i te rua ngā ira, e mōhiotia ana ko ngā ira maha. Ko te pūnaha rōpū toto ABO anō hei tauira, kei reira ko te ira e whakahaere ana i te momo toto he toru ngā ira matua: IA, IB, me te i.
Epistasis
Ka puta te epistasis ina pāngia te whakaaturanga o tētahi ira e tētahi, neke atu rānei ira kē atu, ka taea e ēnei te huna, te whakarerekē rānei i tōna pānga. Ka taea e tēnei te arahi ki ngā ōwehenga āhuahanga e rerekē ana i ērā i matapaetia e ngā ture a Mendel. Hei tauira, ko te tae o te huruhuru i roto i ngā kuri Labrador retriever e rua ngā ira e whai wāhi ana: ko tētahi e whakatau ana i te tae o te tae, ko tētahi e whakahaere ana i te whakatakotoranga o te tae.
Te Pleiotropy
Ko te Pleiotropy e pā ana ki tētahi ira kotahi e awe ana i ngā āhuatanga maha o te phenotypic. Ka taea e ēnei ira te hanga i ngā tūponotanga ki ngā ture Mendelian mā te awe i ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te phenotype o tētahi rauropi, i ētahi wā i roto i ngā huarahi e kore e pā ana. Hei tauira ko te Marfan syndrome i roto i te tangata, e pāngia ai te hanganga angaanga, te pūnaha manawa, me ngā kanohi e tētahi whakarerekētanga ira kotahi.
Te Tuku Iho Maha-ira
He maha ngā āhuatanga he polygenic, arā, he maha ngā ira e whakahaeretia ana. Mā tēnei momo tuku iho ka rerekē tonu ngā momo āhua, e kitea ana i roto i ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te teitei o te tangata me te tae kiri. Kāore te tuku iho polygenic e tino ōrite ki ngā mātāpono a Mendel, e whakaahua ana i ngā āhuatanga ira kotahi.
Te Hononga Ira me te Whakakotahitanga
E whakaaro ana te Ture Whakarōpū Motuhake a Mendel kei runga i ngā ira motuhake ngā ira, kei tawhiti rānei i te ira kotahi. Heoi, ko ngā ira e tata ana tetahi ki tetahi i runga i te ira kotahi ka taea te tuku tahi, he āhuatanga e mōhiotia ana ko te hononga ira. Ka taea e te whakakotahitanga anō te whakauaua ake i tēnei, ka whakauru mai i ngā huinga ira hou, ā, ka puta he rerekētanga mai i ngā ōwehenga Mendelian e tumanakohia ana.
Nga Painga Taiao
Ka taea e te taiao te awe nui i te whakaaturanga o ngā āhuatanga, i ētahi wā ka huna, ka whakarerekē rānei i te pūmanawa ira. Ka taea e ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te pāmahana, te kai, me te mārama te whakarerekē i te whakaaturanga o ngā ira, ka hua ake he rerekētanga kāore i whakaarohia e te tauira ira a Mendel.
Te Tānga Ira
Ko te tānga ira he āhuatanga epigenetic e whakaatuhia ai ētahi ira i roto i te tikanga matua-o-te-takenga. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ka whakamunatia te ira i riro mai i tētahi matua e te epigenetic. Ka taea e ngā ira kua tāia te arahi ki ngā rerekētanga o te whakaaturanga āhuatanga i runga i te mea nō te whaea, nō te pāpā rānei te ira, he ariā kāore i hipokina e ngā ture taketake a Mendel.
Opaniraa
Ahakoa i whakatakotohia e ngā kitenga a Mendel te tūāpapa mō tō tātou māramatanga ki te ira, ko te uaua o ngā tikanga ira ka hua ake he rerekētanga ki ēnei ture. He mea nui ēnei 'pseudo-deviations' mō te mārama ki te whānuitanga katoa o ngā rerekētanga tuku iho me ngā momo āhuahanga. I te haere tonu o te rangahau ira, ka whakakitea e ngā uauatanga o ēnei rerekētanga te whatu matatini o te tukunga iho, e awe ana i ngā mara mai i te ahuwhenua ki te rongoā.
Ehara i te mea ka whakarei ake i tō tātou māramatanga ki te koiora anake te māramatanga ki ēnei tūāhua rerekē, engari ka whakaoho ake hoki i te hiahia me te hihiri ki te tūhura i te āhua hihiri me te maha o ngā āhuatanga o te tuku iho ira. Nō reira, ahakoa he anga nui te ture a Mendel, ko te mōhio me te ako i ō rātou herenga mā te 'peketanga āhua' ka whakarato i tētahi pikitia whānui ake mō te ira.
