Te Whakamāramatanga me te Hanganga o ngā Pūmua
Ko ngā pūmua he macromolecules i titoa mai i ngā waeine maha e tāruaruatia ana, e mōhiotia ana ko ngā monomer, e honoa ana mā roto i ngā hononga covalent. Ko te kupu "pūmua" i ahu mai i ngā kupu Kariki "poly," ko te tikanga "maha," me "meros," ko te tikanga "wāhanga" "waeine" rānei. Ka taea e ngā pūmua te hanga māori, te hanga tangata rānei, ā, he mahi nui tā rātou i roto i ngā āhuatanga maha o ō tātou oranga o ia rā.
I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka matapakihia e tātou he aha ngā pūmua, tōna whakarōpūtanga, te hanganga taketake, me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me ā-matū e whai hua ai rātou mō ngā momo tono ahumahi me ngā tono arumoni.
Te Mārama ki ngā Pūmua
He matū te pūmua he nui te hanganga ngota i hangaia mā te tāruarua o ngā waeine monomer maha. He ngota iti ngā monomer ka taea te tauhohe hei hanga i ngā waeine tāruarua i roto i te mekameka pūmua. E mōhiotia ana tēnei tukanga honohono ko te whakapūmua.
Ka taea te whakarōpū i ngā pūmua i runga i ngā tawhā rerekē pēnei i te takenga mai (taiao, hangai rānei), te hanganga (rārangi, peka, whatunga rānei), me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana (mahana wera, kirihou wera, elastomer rānei).
1. Ngā Pūmua Taiao: Ko ētahi tauira ko ngā pūmua, te cellulose, me te rapa taiao. Ka kitea ēnei i roto i te taiao, ā, ka hangaia e ngā mea ora mā roto i ngā tukanga koiora.
2. Ngā Pūmua Hanga: Hei tauira, ko te polyethylene, te polypropylene, me te polyvinyl chloride. Ka hangaia ēnei i roto i ngā taiwhanga, i ngā wheketere rānei mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga whakapūmua matū.
Hanganga Pūmua
He rerekē ngā momo hanganga o ngā pūmua, ā, ka pā ki ō rātou āhuatanga. Ko ngā momo hanganga matua e toru ko te rārangi, te peka, me te whatunga (te toru-ahu rānei).
1. Ngā Pūmua Raina: I roto i ngā pūmua raina, ka honoa ngā monomera hei hanga mekameka roa, tika. He wairewa ēnei pūmua i roto i ētahi whakarewa, ā, he āhua thermoplastic tōna, arā, ka taea te whakarewa me te hanga anō. Ko ngā tauira o ngā pūmua raina ko te polyethylene me te polypropylene.
2. Ngā Pūmua Manga: Ko ngā hanganga pūmua manga he mekameka matua me ngā peka e piri ana. Ka pā ēnei peka ki te kiato me te tioata o te pūmua. Ko tētahi tauira o te pūmua manga ko te amylopectin i roto i te māngaro, e whakarato ana i te matotoru iti i roto i te wairewa.
3. Ngā Pūmua Whatunga, Ngā Pūmua Ahu-Toru rānei (3D): I konei, ka hangaia e ngā mekameka pūmua he whatunga ā-toru mā te hononga whakawhiti i waenga i ngā mekameka. He mārō, he pakari ēnei pūmua whatunga, ā, kāore e taea te whakarewa anō ina oti te hanga. Ko ngā tauira o ngā pūmua ā-toru ko te kapia epoxy me te bakelite.
Te Whakarōpūtanga i runga i ngā Āhuatanga Ā-tinana
1. Ngā kirihou wera: Ngā pūmua ka taea te whakangawari mā te whakamahana, ā, ka whakapakeke mā te whakamatao. Ka taea te hanga anō i ēnei āhua me te kore e ngaro ō rātou āhuatanga matua. Hei tauira, ko te polyethylene me te polystyrene.
2. Te Whakamahana: Ka pāngia ēnei pūmua e ngā huringa matū tuturu ina whakamahanatia mō te wā tuatahi, ā, kāore e taea te whakangawari mā te whakamahana anō. He kaha ake, he ātete hoki ki te wera i ngā kirihou whakamahana. Ko ngā tauira o ngā whakamahana ko te Bakelite me te melamine.
3. Ngā Elastomers: He pūhui ngā Elastomers he tino ngāwari, ka taea te hoki ki tōna āhua taketake i muri i te tango i te taumahatanga, i te whakarerekētanga rānei. Ko te rapa maori me te silicone he tauira o ngā elastomers.
Ngā Āhuatanga Matū me te Ā-tinana o ngā Pūmua
He mea nui ngā āhuatanga matū me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o ngā pūmua ki te whakatau i ā rātou whakamahinga i roto i ngā momo ahumahi. Ko ētahi o ngā āhuatanga nui ko:
1. Kiato: Ka pā ki te taumaha me te kaha o te rauemi. Ko ngā pūmua iti te kiato he māmā ake, he ngāwari ake hoki.
2. Te Ira Rewa me te Ira Kohua: Ko te pāmahana e tīmata ai te rewa, te koropupū rānei o te pūhui matū hei tohu i te pumau o te pūhui matū.
3. Kaha Ā-Mīhini: Kei roto ko te kaha kume, te ātete pānga, te pakeke, me te ngāwari. Mā ēnei āhuatanga ka whakatau te kaha o te pūmua ki te tu atu i ngā kawenga me te pēhanga.
4. Ātete ki te Wera me te Ahi: Kua hangaia ētahi pūmua kia tū atu ki ngā āhuatanga wera nui, me te kore e pirau, e tahuna rānei.
5. Ātete Matū: Ko te kaha o te pūhui ki te ātete i ngā whakaekenga matū mai i ngā momo matū (pēnei i te waikawa, te kawakore, me ngā whakarewa) me te kore e rerekē ngā āhuatanga, te hanganga rānei.
Ngā tono pūmua
Nā te kanorau o ō rātou āhuatanga, e whakamahia ana ngā polymer i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā tono:
1. Ahumahi Kirihou: Ka whakamahia ngā pūmua kirihou wera pērā i te polyethylene me te polypropylene hei hanga i ngā momo hua kirihou mai i ngā pounamu me ngā putea ki ngā wāhanga motuka.
2. Hauora: Ko ngā pūmua hototahi-koiora pērā i te polyethylene glycol me te poly-(lactide-co-glycolide) e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā tono hauora pērā i ngā whakatō, ngā taputapu hauora, me ngā rongoā tuku-roa.
3. Kakahu: Ka whakamahia ngā muka pūmua pērā i te nairona, te polyester, me te acrylic hei hanga papanga, kākahu, me ētahi atu taonga kakahu.
4. Tākai: Ko ngā pūmua ngāwari, tino pakari hoki pērā i te polyvinyl chloride (PVC) me te polyethylene terephthalate (PET) e whakamahia ana mō te tākai kai, inu, me ētahi atu hua kaihoko.
5. Hikohiko: Kei te whakawhanakehia ngā pūhui kawe hiko mō ngā tono i roto i ngā hikohiko ngāwari, ngā pūtau rā, me ngā pākahiko.
Hei whakamutunga, he rauemi whai hua, he maha ngā mahi a ngā pūmua, ā, koinei te pūtake o ngā hangarau me ngā hua e whakamahia ana e tātou i ia rā. I te haere tonu o ngā whanaketanga o te hangarau pūmua, e tika ana kia whai wāhi nui tonu ēnei rauemi ki te auahatanga ahumahi me te ahunga whakamua o te hapori.
Te Katinga
He rauemi whakamīharo ngā pūmua, he maha ngā hanganga me ngā āhuatanga, ā, e āhei ai te whakamahi i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā mahi, mai i ngā kirihou o ia rā ki ngā hangarau matatau. Ko te māramatanga hōhonu ki te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o ngā pūmua te mea nui ki te auahatanga me te whanaketanga o ngā rauemi whai hua ake, pumau ake hoki.
