Ngā Makoromeka Waro: Ngā Huānga Matua o te Ora
Ko ngā macromolecules waro he rōpū ngota nui kei roto ko te waro hei wāhanga hanganga matua. He huānga matua rātou o te ora, ā, he mahi nui tā rātou i roto i ngā tukanga koiora maha. He maha ngā momo macromolecules waro matua, tae atu ki ngā warowaihā, ngā pūmua, ngā lipids, me ngā waikawa karihi. Ka mahi ia o ēnei i roto i ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te ora, mai i te rokiroki pūngao ki te whakawaehere i ngā mōhiohio ira.
Warowaihā
Ko ngā warowaihā te pūtake pūngao matua mō ngā mea ora. Kei roto i ēnei ko ngā waeine monosaccharide (huka māmā) ka taea te whakakotahi hei hanga disaccharides, oligosaccharides, me polysaccharides. Ko ngā tauira o ngā monosaccharides ko te glucose me te fructose, ko te sucrose (huka tēpu) he tauira o te disaccharide. Ko ngā polysaccharides, pērā i te māngaro, te glycogen, me te cellulose, he momo rokiroki pūngao, he hanganga rānei i roto i ngā mea ora.
Te Mahi a ngā Warowaihā
1. Pūtake Pūngao: Ko te hukahuka, he monosaccharide, te ngota matua i roto i te manawa pūtau, te tukanga hanga pūngao i te taumata pūtau.
2. Ngā Pūngao Rahui: Ko te māngaro i roto i ngā tipu me te glycogen i roto i ngā kararehe he mahi rokiroki pūngao mō te wā roa.
3. Hanganga: Ko te cellulose, he polysaccharide kei roto ko ngā mekameka roa o te hukahuka, e whakarato ana i te kaha me te tiaki i ngā pakitara pūtau tipu.
4. Te Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero a te Pūtau: Ko ngā glycoprotein me ngā glycolipids, kei te mata o te pūtau, e whai wāhi ana ki te mōhiotanga pūtau me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i waenga i ngā pūtau.
pūmua
He tino rerekē ngā macromolecules o ngā pūmua, he mea hanga mai i ngā waikawa amino rerekē e 20. Ka taea e rātou te mahi i te nuinga o ngā mahi pūtau nā te mea he rerekē ō rātou hanganga toru-ahu. Ka whai wāhi ngā pūmua ki te whakatere i ngā tauhohenga matū (ngā whākōkī), te kawe i ngā ngota, ngā hanganga tautoko, me te maha atu o ngā mahi.
Te Mahi a te Pūmua
1. Ngā whākōkī: Ngā pūmua e tere ake ai ngā tauhohenga matū i roto i te tinana. Hei tauira, ka tere ake te pakaru o te hauwai waikura ki te wai me te hāora e te catalase.
2. Hanganga: Ko ngā pūmua pēnei i te collagen i roto i te kiko honohono me te keratin i roto i te makawe me ngā whao ka tautoko i te tinana.
3. Te kawe: Ko te Hemoglobin, he pūmua i roto i ngā toto whero, ka kawe i te hāora mai i ngā pukahukahu puta noa i te tinana.
4. Te Whakahaere me te Tohu: Ko ngā homoni pūmua pēnei i te insulin e whakahaere ana i te huka toto, ā, ko ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi kiriuhi e tuku tohu ana mai i waho o te pūtau ki roto.
Ngutu
Ko ngā lipid he rōpū macromolecules kāore e wairewa i roto i te wai engari ka wairewa i roto i ngā whakarewa rauropi. Ko rātou ngā wāhanga matua o ngā kiriuhi pūtau, ā, he rokiroki pūngao mō te wā roa. Ko ngā lipids tino mōhiotia ko ngā ngako, ngā hinu, ngā phospholipids, me ngā sterols pērā i te cholesterol.
Te Mahi a ngā Ngako
1. Te Rokiroki Pūngao: E rua te nui ake o te pūngao e rongoatia ana e te ngako i te warowaihā mō ia karamu.
2. Hanganga o te Kiriuhi: Ka hangaia e ngā phospholipid he paparanga rua, koinei te pūtake o ngā kiriuhi pūtau katoa, e pupuri ana i te taiao o roto, o waho hoki o te pūtau.
3. Te Tohu me te Whakahaere: Ko ngā homoni steroid, e ahu mai ana i ngā lipid, e whai wāhi ana ki te whakahaere i ngā tukanga ā-tinana, pērā i te testosterone me te estrogen i roto i te whakahaere i te whakaputa uri.
4. Te Ārai me te Parenga: Ka whakaratohia hoki e te ngako he ārai wera ki ngā kararehe, ā, ka tiakina hoki ngā whekau o roto mai i te pānga.
Waikawa karihi
Ko ngā waikawa karihi, tae atu ki te DNA (waikawa deoxyribonucleic) me te RNA (waikawa ribonucleic), he macromolecules e penapena ana, e tuku ana hoki i ngā mōhiohio ira. Koinei te pūtake mō te tuku iho i ngā āhuatanga koiora mai i tētahi whakatipuranga ki tētahi whakatipuranga.
Ngā Mahi a ngā Waikawa Karihi
1. Te Penapena i ngā Mōhiohio Ira: Ka penapenahia e te DNA ngā mōhiohio e hiahiatia ana hei hanga i ngā pūmua katoa i roto i te rauropi.
2. Te Whakapuakitanga Ira: Ka tāruatia e te RNA ngā mōhiohio ira mai i te DNA ka whakamāoritia hei pūmua mā roto i ngā tukanga whakawhiti me te whakamāori.
3. Te Whakahaere Ira: Ka taea hoki e te RNA te mahi hei kaiwhakahaere i ngā mahi a ngā ira, pērā i te microRNA ka taea te whakahaere i te whakaaturanga o ētahi ira.
Ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā Macromolecules
Kāore ngā macromolecules waro e mahi takitahi; he maha tonu ā rātou taunekeneke me te awe tetahi ki tetahi i roto i ngā tukanga koiora maha. Hei tauira:
– Ngā Glycoprotein me ngā Glycolipid: Ko te huinga o ngā pūmua, ngā lipid rānei me ngā warowaihā i roto i ngā kiriuhi pūtau he mea nui ki ngā taunekeneke pūtau-pūtau.
– Te DNA me te Pūmua: Ko te Chromatin, he hanganga matatini i waenganui i te DNA me ngā pūmua histone, e whakahaere ana i te takai o te DNA i roto i te karihi pūtau.
– Te Pūngao Pūngao: Ka taea te huri i ngā ngako, ngā warowaihā, me ngā pūmua hei pūngao mā roto i ngā ara pākia e hono tahi ana pērā i te huringa Krebs.
Whakamutunga
He wāhanga nui ngā macromolecules waro o te ora, e āhei ai ngā tukanga koiora kanorau e āhei ai tō tātou oranga, me ērā o ngā momo ora katoa. Mā te mārama ki te mahi me te taunekeneke a ēnei macromolecules ka pai ake te māramatanga ki te koiora me te kaha ki te ahu whakamua i roto i te rongoā, te hangarau koiora, me te ahuwhenua. Heoi anō, kei te hurahia tonutia e ngā rangahau ētahi atu mea ngaro mō ēnei macromolecules me tō rātou tūranga i roto i te ora.
