Pūhiko Whakaputa-Mārama (LED)
Ko ngā Diode Whakaputa-Mārama (LED) tētahi o ngā auahatanga tino nui me te whai mana i roto i te hangarau rama o ēnei rā. Ko ngā LED he ranunga tino pai o te whai huatanga o te pūngao, te mana, te pakari, me te ngāwari, e waiho ana hei whiringa matua i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā tono, mai i ngā taputapu hiko ki te rama whānui. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te hītori, ngā mātāpono whakahaere, ngā tono, me ngā painga o te hangarau LED.
He Hītori Poto o ngā LED
I te tīmatanga o te rautau 20 i whakawhanakehia tuatahitia ai ngā rama LED. I te tau 1907, i kitea e te kaipūtaiao Piritana a H.J. Round ka taea e ētahi rauemi te tuku mārama ina pā te iahiko hiko mā roto. Nā tēnei kitenga i whakatakoto te tūāpapa mō te whanaketanga o ngā rama LED ā muri ake nei, ahakoa i taua wā he ngoikore noa iho te mārama ka taea e rātou te whakaputa, ā, kāore he whakamahinga whai hua.
I te tau 1962, i angitu a Nick Holonyak Jr., he kairangahau i General Electric, ki te hanga i te rama LED tuatahi i whakaputa i te rama whero. Nā tēnei kitenga i tohu he tohu nui i roto i te hītori o te rama, ā, i whakatakoto i te ara mō te whanaketanga o ngā rama LED i roto i ētahi atu tae i muri mai. I te mutunga o te tekau tau atu i 1960 me te tīmatanga o te tekau tau atu i 1970, ka tīmata te hanga arumoni i ngā rama LED mō ngā tohu hiko me ngā whakaaturanga.
Nā te whanaketanga o ngā rama LED RGB (whero, kakariki, kikorangi) i te mutunga o te tekau tau atu i 1990 i taea ai te waihanga i ngā momo tae rama mā te whakakotahi noa i ēnei rama LED e toru. I te tekau tau atu i 2000, i puta mai ngā rama LED mā, he kanapa, he whai hua, ā, i huaki ake ai ngā huarahi hou ki te ao rama whānui.
Te Mātāpono Mahi a te LED
He haurua-whakawhiti te LED e tuku ana i te mārama ina rere te iahiko hiko mā roto. Ka kiia tēnei tukanga ko te electroluminescence. Ko te hanganga taketake o te LED he mea tito mai i ngā paparanga e rua o te rauemi haurua-whakawhiti: he paparanga momo-p (pai) me te paparanga momo-n (kino). Ina honoa ēnei paparanga e rua, ka hangaia he hononga p-n.
Ina pāngia he hiko ki te LED, ka horapa ngā irahiko mai i te paparanga momo-n me ngā kōhao (he ariā ā-tinana e tohu ana i ngā wāhi kore irahiko) mai i te paparanga momo-p puta noa i te hononga p-n. Ina tūtaki ngā irahiko ki ngā kōhao, ka tukuna te pūngao i roto i te ahua o ngā photon (ngā matūriki mārama), ka puta te mārama i te LED. Ko te tae o te mārama e whakaputaina ana ka whakatauhia e te rauemi semiconductor e whakamahia ana.
Ngā tono LED
Nā te maha o ngā whakamahinga o ngā rama LED, kua hurihia e ngā rama LED ngā momo hangarau me ngā ahumahi. Anei ētahi o ngā whakamahinga matua o ngā rama LED i roto i te oranga o ia rā:
1. Rama
Ko te rama tētahi o ngā whakamahinga tino noa o ngā rama LED i ēnei rā. E whakamahia ana ngā rama LED i roto i ngā rama whare, rama tiriti, rama whare, me ngā rama māra. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā rama incandescent me ngā rama fluorescent, he pai ake te penapena pūngao o ngā rama LED, he roa ake te ora, ā, he pai ake te taiao nā te mea kāore he mercury i roto.
2. Ngā Hikohiko Kaihoko
E whakamahia ana ngā rama LED i roto i ngā momo taputapu hiko kaihoko, pērā i ngā mata pouaka whakaata, ngā mata rorohiko, ngā waea atamai, me ngā papa. Mā ngā rama LED ka taea e ngā whakaaturanga te whiwhi i te kounga whakaahua tino pai, te kanapa teitei, me te iti o te hiko e pau ana. Mā te hangarau whakaaturanga OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) ka taea hoki e rātou te hanga i ngā whakaaturanga tino angiangi me te ngāwari.
3. Ngā Tohu me te Whakaaturanga
Ko te whakamahinga tuatahi o ngā rama LED he tohu i roto i ngā taputapu hiko, pērā i ngā karaka mamati me ngā tātaitai. Tae noa ki tēnei rā, ko ngā rama LED tonu te whiringa matua mō ngā tohu tūnga i roto i ngā momo taputapu hiko nā te iti o te whakamahinga hiko me te pai o te tirohanga.
4. Waka
I roto i te umanga motuka, ka whakamahia ngā rama LED i roto i ngā rama mua, ngā rama muri, ngā rama huri, me ngā roto o te waka. He pai ake te mahi a ngā rama LED, ā, he roa ake te ora i ngā rama mura ahi tuku iho, e tere ake ai, e kanapa ake ai hoki te rama, he mea nui tēnei mō te haumaru o te huarahi.
5. Hauora me te Hauora
E whakamahia ana ngā rama LED i roto i ngā taputapu hauora, pērā i ngā taputapu whakaora mārama, ngā taputapu pokanga, me ngā taputapu tātaritanga. Nā te iti o te wera e puta ai ēnei rama, he mea tino pai mō ngā tono hauora e tino hiahiatia ana te tika me te haumaru.
6. Te Ahuwhenua Poutū me te Hydroponics
Ka whakamahia hoki e te rāngai ahuwhenua ngā rama LED hei whakarato rama horihori mō ngā tipu i roto i ngā pūnaha ahuwhenua poutū me ngā pūnaha hydroponic. Mā te whakahaere i te whānuitanga o te mārama e tukuna ana, ka āwhina ngā rama LED ki te whakanui ake i te whai huatanga o te whakaahua me te whakateretere i te tipu o ngā tipu.
Ngā painga o te LED
He maha ngā painga o te hangarau rama LED, ā, he mea nui tēnei mō te whānuitanga o ngā mahi. Anei ētahi o ngā painga matua o ngā rama LED:
1. Te Whai Hua o te Pūngao
Ko tētahi o ngā painga nui o te hangarau LED ko tōna whai huatanga pūngao. Ka hurihia e ngā LED te pūngao hiko ki te mārama me te tino whai huatanga, ka whakaiti i te moumou pūngao i roto i te ahua o te wera. Ka taea e ngā rama LED te penapena i te 80% o te pūngao ki te whakaritea ki ngā pūrama incandescent.
2. Te roa o te ora
He roa rawa te roa o te oranga o ngā rama LED, tae atu ki te 20.000 ki te 50.000 hāora, he roa ake i ngā pūrama mura (tata ki te 1.000 hāora) me ngā pūrama hihiko (tata ki te 8.000 hāora). Mā tēnei roa o te oranga ka whakaitihia te hiahia mō te whakakapinga rama auau, he mea tino whai hua i roto i ngā mahi arumoni me ngā mahi ahumahi.
3. Te Pakari me te Kaha
Kāore he miro pakarukaru, kāore hoki he karāhe rite ki ngā pūrama rama mura o ngā LED, nā reira ka ātete ake rātou ki te ru me te wiri. Nā te hanganga totoka ka pakari ake, ka taea hoki e rātou te tu atu ki ngā āhuatanga taiao kino.
4. He pai mō te taiao
Kāore he mercury i roto i ngā rama LED pērā i ngā rama fluorescent, ka kino pea ēnei ki te taiao me te hauora o te tangata. Ka whakaitihia hoki e te kaha o te whakamahi i te CO2 ngā tukunga, ā, he kōwhiringa rama matomato ake.
5. Hoahoa Ngāwari
He tino ngāwari te hoahoa me te whakamahinga o ngā rama LED. Ka taea te hanga i roto i ngā momo āhua me ngā rahi, ā, ka taea hoki te whakauru ki ngā hoahoa hua tino uaua. Ka taea hoki te whakarite i ngā rama LED hei whakaputa i te whānuitanga o ngā tae me te kore e hiahiatia he tātari tāpiri.
6. Te Whakamārama Tere
Ka tiaho tonu ngā rama LED, kāore he whakaroa whakamahana, he rerekē ki ētahi atu momo rama, pērā i ngā rama e ahu mai ana i te mercury me ngā rama penapena hiko, e hiahia ana ki tētahi wā kia tino kanapa. He mea nui rawa tēnei i roto i ngā tono e hiahiatia ana te whakamārama tonu, pērā i ngā rama huarahi me ngā rama mua o ngā waka.
Ngā Wero me te Anamata o te LED
Ahakoa ōna painga maha, he maha ngā wero kei mua i te hangarau LED. Ko tētahi wero nui ko te hekenga o te whai huatanga ina mahi ngā LED i ngā iahiko teitei, he āhuatanga e mōhiotia ana ko te "totoka." Kei te haere tonu te rangahau me te whanaketanga ki te aro atu ki tēnei take, me te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga me te mahi a te LED.
Hei tāpiri, he nui ake te utu tīmatanga o ngā rama LED i tērā o ngā rama tuku iho, ahakoa ka heke tonu tēnei utu i te whanaketanga o te hangarau me te pikinga ake o ngā rahinga whakaputa.
He tino whai hua te heke mai o ngā rama LED. Ko ngā auahatanga pēnei i te whakaitiiti i te rama LED, te whanaketanga o ngā rama LED kikorangi-rahi, ngā rama LED iti, me ngā rama LED waro (OLED) kei te whakarato tonu i ngā whai wāhitanga hou mō ngā tono whānui ake me ngā tono matatau ake. I te mea kua noho te pumau me te whai huatanga o te pūngao hei arotahi nui ki te ao, e matapaetia ana ka noho tonu ngā rama LED hei hangarau matua i roto i ngā whakaaturanga rama me ngā whakaaturanga hiko mō ngā rā kei te heke mai.
Whakamutunga
He hangarau hou ngā Diode Whakaputa-Mārama (LED) kua huri i te huarahi e kite ai tātou i te mārama me te whakamahi. Mai i te rama kāinga ki ngā tono hauora me te hiko, he maha ngā painga o ngā LED tae atu ki te whai hua o te pūngao, te roa o te ora, te pakari, te ngāwari o te hoahoa, me te pumau o te taiao. Ahakoa ētahi wero, he mārama te heke mai o ngā LED, e arahina ana e te auahatanga tonu ka whakarei ake i te mahi me te whai huatanga o tēnei hangarau i roto i ngā momo wāhanga o te oranga.
