Te Whakararuraru Mārama: He Āhuatanga Taiao Whakamiharo
Ko te pokanoa mārama he āhuatanga whatu e uru ana te taupatupatu o ngā ngaru mārama e rua, neke atu rānei, ka puta he tauira māramatanga ahurei. He kaupapa matua tēnei i roto i te ako i te ahupūngao me te whatu mō ngā rautau, e tuku ana i ngā māramatanga hōhonu ki te āhua taketake o te mārama, ā, e āwhina ana ki te whakamārama i ngā āhuatanga taiao maha me ngā tono hangarau hou.
Hītori me ngā Ariā Taketake
I te tīmatanga o te rautau 19, i whakaahuahia tuatahitia te pokanoa mārama e te kaipūtaiao a Thomas Young mā roto i tana whakamātautau rua-kōhao rongonui. I whakaratohia e tēnei whakamātautau he taunakitanga nui e taea ai e te mārama te mahi hei ngaru. Ina tūtaki ngā ngaru mārama e rua, ka taea e rāua te whakakaha tetahi i tetahi (hanga) te whakangāwari ranei tetahi i tetahi (whakangaro), i runga i tō rāua āhua ōrite. Ka hangaia he tauira pokanoa ina tauwhitiwhiti ngā rohe mārama kanapa me ngā rohe pōuri, ka hanga he whitiki āhua.
Ko te tikanga, ko te whakararuraru te hua o te taupatupatu o ngā ngaru he rite tonu te auau me te roanga ngaru, tata rite rānei. Ina tūtaki te tihi o te ngaru ki tētahi atu tihi o te ngaru, ka nui ake te whānui o te kaha, ka kiia tēnei he whakararuraru hanga. I tetahi atu taha, ina tūtaki te tihi o te ngaru ki tētahi atu ara ngaru, ka kore pea te kaha, ka iti iho rānei, ka kiia tēnei he whakararuraru whakangaro.
Te Pāngarau i Muri i te Whakararuraru
Mā te pāngarau, ka taea te whakamārama i te pokanoa mārama mā te mātāpono o te taupatupatu. Mena e rua ā tātou ngaru, \(E_1 = E_{01} \sin(\omega t + \phi_1)\) me \(E_2 = E_{02} \sin(\omega t + \phi_2)\), ko \(E_0\) te kaha, ko \(\omega\) te auau koki, ko \(t\) te wā, ā, ko \(\phi\) te āhua. Mena ka pokanoa ēnei ngaru e rua tetahi ki tetahi, ko te ngaru ka puta ko \(E\) te tapeke o \(E_1\) me \(E_2\).
Ko te rerekētanga ā-wāhanga i waenga i ēnei ngaru e rua e whakatau ana i te tauira pokanoa. Ina he taurite te rerekētanga ā-wāhanga o \(\pi\), ka puta te pokanoa hanga. Mena he taurite tauhou te rerekētanga o \(\pi\), ka puta te pokanoa whakangaro. Mā ēnei whārite pāngarau ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao me ngā miihini te hoahoa i ngā pūnaha whatu me te matapae i te whanonga o te mārama i roto i ngā tautuhinga rerekē.
Ngā Taupānga Whakararuraru Mārama
He maha ngā whakamahinga o te pokanoa mārama i roto i te pūtaiao me te hangarau. Ko ētahi o ēnei ko:
1. Te Matawai Whakararuraru: Ka whakamahia e ngā taputapu pēnei i te matawai whakawhiti Fourier IR (FTIR) te kaupapa o te whakararuraru hei tātari i te whānuitanga o te mārama e tukuna ana, e mimitihia ana rānei e te tauira. Mā tēnei, ka taea e tātou te ako i te hanganga ngota me ngā āhuatanga matū o ngā tauira rerekē.
2. Ngā Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Whatu: I roto i ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, ka whakamahia te pokanoa i roto i ngā tikanga pēnei i te whakarea-maha hei tuku i ngā tohu maha i runga i te hongere whatu kotahi me te kore e pokanoa tetahi ki tetahi. Mā tēnei ka taea te whakanui ake i te kaha tuku raraunga.
3. Hangarau Mata me te Whakaaturanga: Ko ngā hangarau mata e whakamahia ana e tātou i ia rā, tae atu ki ngā mata LCD me OLED, e whakamahi ana i te kaupapa o te wawaotanga mārama hei whakapai ake i te kounga o te ahua me te whakaaturanga tae.
4. Interferometer: Ka whakamahia ngā taputapu pēnei i te interferometer Michelson me te interferometer Fabry-Pérot hei ine i ngā tawhiti me te tino tika, hei kite i ngā ngaru ā-papa, me ētahi atu tono pūtaiao.
5. Ngā Paninga Ārai-Whakaata me ngā Whatu Tirohanga Tika: He maha ngā paninga whatu e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā karu kāmera, ngā karu tiro, me ētahi atu taputapu whatu kua hangaia i runga i te pokanoa o te māramatanga hei whakaiti i ngā whakaata me te whakanui ake i te tuku māramatanga, kia mārama ake ai ngā whakaahua.
Te Whakararuraru i ngā Āhuatanga Taiao
Kāore te whakararuraru mārama i te mea ko ngā tono hangarau anake; ka kitea hoki i roto i ngā momo āhuatanga taiao. Ko tētahi o ngā tauira tino mōhiotia ko ngā tae ataahua e kitea ana i roto i ngā mirumiru hopi me ngā parirau pepeke. Ko ēnei tae he hua o te whakararuraru mārama i roto i ngā kiriata angiangi.
I roto i te mirumiru hopi, ka whakararuraru te mārama e whakaatahia ana mai i ngā mata o mua me muri o te paparanga hopi tetahi ki tetahi. Nā te matotoru rerekē o te paparanga hopi ka hangaia he āhuatanga mō ngā roangaru mārama rerekē, ka hangaia te whānuitanga o ngā tae e kitea ana e tātou.
Whakamutunga
He ariā taketake te pokanoa mārama i roto i te ahupūngao me te hangarau, e tuku ana i ngā tono mahi maha he whai hua, he ngahau hoki ki te mātakitaki. Ehara i te mea ko te ako i a tātou mō ngā āhuatanga taketake o te mārama anake, engari ka whakatuwhera hoki i te ara mō te auahatanga me ngā hangarau hou i roto i ngā momo mara. Kei te tipu haere tonu te ako i te pokanoa, me te rangahau e tae atu ana ki ngā tono i roto i ngā mara hou pēnei i te biophotonics me te pūtaiao rauemi.
Mai i ngā tirohanga o ia rā ki ngā taputapu pūtaiao matatau, ka whakakitea e te pokanoa o te māramatanga te ataahua me te uaua o te taiao, e whakamahara ana i a tātou ki te nui o ngā mea hei ako mai i ngā āhuatanga taiao e ahua māmā ana engari he hohonu rawa atu ina tirohia tata atu. I a tātou e whakawhānui tonu ana i tō tātou māramatanga ki te māramatanga me ōna taunekeneke ki te matū, ka huakina e tātou te kuaha ki ngā whai wāhitanga mutunga kore i roto i te pūtaiao me te hangarau.
