Rauemi Ture a Kepler
Kei te maumahara koe ki tō haerenga tuatahi ki te eke waka (ehara i te mea i a koe e pēpi ana)? I a koe e noho ana i roto i te waka e neke ana, i kite koe me te mea kei te neke ngā rākau, ngā whare rānei. I taua wā, tera pea i whakaaro koe kei te neke ngā rākau, ngā whare rānei, i a koe e tū ana me te waka. Ko te mea pono, kei te neke koe me te waka, i a koe e tū ana me te waka. Ka kite tātou i tēnei nekehanga āhua , i tēnei nekehanga teka rānei i ia rā. I ia ata ka "whiti" te rā i te pae rawhiti, kātahi ka neke ki te hauauru, ka "tō" ki te pae hauauru i te ahiahi. Waihoki, i te pō, ka kite pinepine koe i te marama e neke ana mai i te rawhiti ki te hauauru. Kua whakaaro koe, kua whakapae rānei koe kei te neke te rā me te marama i te whenua, i te mea kei te tū te whenua?
I whakapono hoki ngā tāngata o mua (tīmatanga o AD) ko te rā, te marama, me ētahi atu tinana rangi e huri haere ana i te Ao, ko te Ao ia e tū tonu ana. Arā, i kiia ko te Ao te pokapū o te ao (geocentric). I ahu mai tēnei whakaaro i ngā wheako iti o te tangata, e mātakitaki ana i te rā, te marama, me ngā whetū e neke ana i ia rā, i te mea e kitea ana ko te Ao he tū tonu. He rite tonu ki te wā kei roto koe i tētahi motuka e neke ana, me te mea kei te neke ngā rākau, ngā whare rānei. I rangahauhia, ā, i whakawhanakehia hoki tēnei whakaaro ko te Ao te pokapū o te ao e te tohunga whetū Kariki a Claudius Ptolemy (100-170 AD) i te rautau tuarua AD, ā, i whakaponohia mō ngā tau 1400 e whai ake nei.
E ai ki a Ptolemy, kei waenganui o te pūnaha rā a Papatūānuku. Ka porowhita te Rā me ngā aorangi (hurihuri), ā, ka porowhita te pokapū o tēnei porowhita i te Ao i roto i te ara porowhita (hurihuri).
I te tau 1543, i whakaarohia e te tohunga whetū Pōrana, a Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) te tauira heliocentric, arā, ko te rā kei waenganui o te pūnaha rā. Ko ngā aorangi, tae atu ki a Papatūānuku, e porowhita ana i tētahi porowhita (hurihuri), ko te pokapū o tēnei porowhita e porowhita ana i te rā i roto i tētahi ara porowhita (hurihuri). He matatau ake te māramatanga o Copernicus i a Ptolemy, e whakanoho ana i te rā ki waenganui o te pūnaha rā. Heoi, i whakamahia tonutia e Copernicus ngā porowhita hei tauira mō ngā porowhita aorangi.
Ko tētahi tohunga whetū rongonui nō Tenemāka, ko Tycho Brahe (1546 – 1601) te tohunga whetū whakamutunga i mātakitaki i ngā mea o te rangi mā te whakamahi i te kanohi anake. Whai muri i tana tirotiro i waenga i te tau 1576 ki te 1599, ka mahi tahi a Tycho Brahe me tētahi tohunga whetū Tiamana, a Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630), he tohunga pāngarau anō hoki. Ko Kepler te kaiawhina a Tycho Brahe. Kāore i roa te mahi tahi a Tycho Brahe rāua ko Kepler nā te mea i mate a Tycho Brahe. Whai muri i te matenga o Tycho Brahe, ka whakamahia e Kepler ngā raraunga whetū i riro mai i tana kaiako, ā, e rua tekau tau pea te roa o tōna oranga e hanga ana i tētahi tauira pāngarau hei whakamārama i te nekehanga o ngā aorangi.
I whakaputaina te mahi tuatahi a Kepler mō te arorangi, ko Ngā Mea Ngāro o te Ao, i te tau 1596. I roto i tēnā, i ngana ia ki te kimi i te ōritetanga i waenga i ngā porowhita aorangi a Copernicus me ngā kitenga a Tycho Brahe. Heoi, kāore i kitea e Kepler he ōritetanga i waenga i ngā tauira i whakawhanakehia e Copernicus rāua ko Ptolemy me ngā kitenga a Tycho Brahe. Nō reira, i whakarērea e ia ngā tauira Ptolemy me Copernican, ā, i ngana ki te kimi i tētahi tauira hou. I te tau 1609, i kitea e Kepler he tino ōrite te porowhita ki ngā kitenga a Tycho Brahe. Kāore a Kepler i whakamahi i ngā porowhita hei āhua o ngā porowhita o ngā tinana rangi, engari ko ngā porowhita.
I whakatakotoria tēnei ture e Kepler i te haurua rau tau i mua i te whakatakoto a Isaac Newton i ana ture nekehanga e toru me te ture ā-ao o te kaha ā-papa.
Te Ture Tuatahi a Kepler
Te ara o ia aorangi i a ia e porowhita ana i te rāi, he porowhita te āhua, ko te wāhi kei reira te rā i tētahi o ngā arotahi.
Te Ture Tuarua a Kepler
Ka horahia e tētahi rārangi pohewa e hono ana i te rā ki tētahi aorangi ngā horahanga ōrite i roto i ngā wā ōrite.
Te Ture Tuatoru a Kepler
Ko te ōwehenga o te tapawhā o te wā ki te pūtoru o te tawhiti toharite o te aorangi mai i te rā (T2/r3) he pumau, ā, he rite tonu tōna uara mō ngā aorangi katoa.
