Tauira o ngā Pātai Kōrero mō ngā Pūmua Taiao
Ko ngā pūmua taiao he matū tūturu me ngā ngota nui i hangaia mai i ngā waeine iti ake e kiia nei ko ngā monomer. He mahi nui tā ēnei pūmua i roto i te oranga o ia rā, ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā mara ahumahi, rongoā, me te hauora. Ko ngā tauira noa o ngā pūmua taiao ko te cellulose, ngā pūmua, te rapa taiao, me ngā waikawa karihi. Kei raro nei, ka matapakihia e mātou ētahi tauira raruraru e pā ana ki ngā pūmua taiao hei āwhina i a mātou ki te hohonu ake i tō mātou māramatanga ki tēnei kaupapa.
Pātai 1: Hanganga me te Mahi a ngā Pūmua Taiao
Pātai:
He momo pūhui taiao rerekē te cellulose me te pūmua. Whakamāramahia ngā rerekētanga hanganga i waenga i te cellulose me ngā pūmua me ā rāua mahi i roto i ngā rauropi ora.
Kōrero:
Hanganga:
He pūhui warowaihā te cellulose i hangaia mai i ngā monomer glucose. Ka honoa te glucose i roto i te cellulose mā roto i ngā hononga 1,4-β-glycosidic. He rārangi te hanganga o te cellulose, ā, mā ngā hononga hauwai i waenganui i ngā mekameka glucose ka tino kaha, ka ātete hoki ki te pirau.
I tētahi atu taha, ko ngā pūmua he pūhui waikawa amino i hangaia mai i ngā mekameka roa o ngā waikawa amino e honoa ana e ngā here peptide. Kua wehea te hanganga pūmua ki ētahi taumata: tuatahi (te whakaritenga rārangi o ngā waikawa amino), tuarua (te hanganga α-helical, β-sheet rānei i puta mai i ngā here hauwai), tuatoru (te takai uaua ake i pāngia e ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā mekameka taha waikawa amino), me te quaternary (ngā hononga i waenga i ētahi mekameka polypeptide).
Mahi:
Ko te cellulose te wāhanga matua o te hanganga o ngā pakitara pūtau tipu. Ka whakarato i te kaha me te ngāwari, ka āwhina i ngā tipu kia noho poutū, ā, ka tiaki i ngā pūtau mai i ngā kino ā-mīhini. Ka whakamahia hoki te cellulose hei rauemi mata i roto i ngā ahumahi pēnei i te pepa, te kakahu, me ngā kirihou pirau-ora.
He maha ngā mahi a ngā pūmua i roto i ngā rauropi ora, tae atu ki te mahi hei whākōkī hei tere ake i ngā tauhohenga matū, hei wāhanga hanganga (hei tauira, te collagen i roto i te kiri me te kiko honohono), hei homoni hei whakahaere i ngā mahi ā-tinana, hei paturopi hei whawhai i ngā mate, me te mahi hei kawe i ngā pūmua hei neke i ētahi ngota puta noa i ngā kiriuhi pūtau.
Pātai 2: Ngā Āhuatanga Ā-tinana me te Matū o ngā Pūmua Taiao
Pātai:
Matapakihia ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana, ā-matū hoki o te rapa maori, me te whakamārama me pēhea te pānga o te whakamomona ki ēnei āhuatanga.
Kōrero:
Ko te rapa maori (te rapa rānei) he pūhui maori, ko tōna wāhanga matua ko te polyisoprene. Ko te āhuatanga ā-tinana matua o te rapa maori ko tōna ngāwari, e āhei ai te hoki ki tōna āhua taketake i muri i te totoro, te pēhi rānei. Heoi, ko te ngoikoretanga o te rapa maori mata ko te ngāwari ki te pāmahana teitei, te waikura, me te pakū.
Ko ngā āhuatanga matū o te rapa maori ko te wairewatanga i roto i ngā whakarewa waro kore-porowhita me te pānga ki te waikura me te pirau wera. Nā tōna hanganga rārangi, kore-whatunga ka taea e ngā ngota te paheke tetahi ki tetahi, ka piri te rapa maori i ngā pāmahana teitei, ka pakarukaru i ngā pāmahana iti.
Ko te whakapūkara he tukanga matū e whakamahia ana hei whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o te rapa māori mā te hanga hononga whakawhiti i waenga i ngā mekameka pūmua mā te whakamahana ki te whanariki. Ka whakanui ake tēnei tukanga i te ātete ki te whakarerekētanga, ka whakarato i te pumau wera pai ake, me te ātete ki te wai me te mimiti matū. Ka whakaitihia hoki e te whakapūkara te piri o te rapa māori i ngā pāmahana teitei, ā, ka whakanui ake i tōna kaha, ka roa ake te rapa whakapūkara me te ātete ki te pakū.
Pātai 3: Te Hanganga o ngā Pūmua Taiao
Pātai:
Me pēhea te puta o te hanga pūmua i roto i ngā pūtau, ā, he aha te tūranga o te RNA i roto i tēnei tukanga?
Kōrero:
Ko te tukanga hanga pūmua i roto i ngā pūtau e kiia ana ko te whakamāoritanga, koinei te wāhanga whakamutunga o te whakaaturanga ira. Ka puta tēnei tukanga i roto i ngā ribosome, arā, ngā whekau e kawenga ana mō te hanga pūmua, ā, he maha ngā momo RNA e uru ana: mRNA (RNA karere), tRNA (RNA whakawhiti), me te rRNA (RNA ribosome).
1. Te Whakamāoritanga:
Ka tīmata te tukanga hanga pūmua mā te tuhi ira, ka tāruatia te wāhanga DNA e whakamārama ana i te ira mō tētahi pūmua motuhake ki roto i te mRNA. Ka puta tēnei tukanga i roto i te karihi pūtau, ā, ka haere te mRNA hua ki te cytoplasm.
2. Whakamāoritanga:
Kia tomo te mRNA ki te cytoplasm, ka taunekeneke ki ngā ribosome. Ka haere te ribosome i te aho mRNA, ā, ka haria e ngā tRNA ngā waikawa amino e rite ana ki ngā codon mRNA ki ngā ribosome. Kei ia tRNA he anticodon e herea ana ki te codon e rite ana i runga i te mRNA, kia tika ai te tāpiri i te waikawa amino tika ki te mekameka polypeptide e tipu haere ana.
3. Tīmatanga:
Ka tīmata te tukanga whakamāori i te tīmatanga, ina kitea e te ribosome te kōtona tīmatanga (AUG) i runga i te mRNA. Kei te kawe te tRNA tīmatanga i te methionine, te waikawa amino tuatahi i roto i te mekameka polypeptide.
4. Te whakaroa:
Muri iho, ka tāpirihia e te tukanga whakaroa ngā waikawa amino takitahi ki te mekameka polypeptide. Ka tomo te tRNA e kawe ana i te waikawa amino e whai ake nei ki te pae A o te ribosome, ā, ka hangaia he here peptide i waenganui i te waikawa amino i te pae A me te waikawa amino i runga i te mekameka polypeptide e tipu haere ana.
5. Whakamutu:
Ka mutu te tukanga whakamāoritanga i te mutunga ina tae te ribosome ki tētahi kōtona aukati (UAA, UAG, UGA rānei) i runga i te mRNA. Kāore tēnei kōtona e waehere mō tētahi waikawa amino, engari ka whakaoho i te tukunga o te mekameka polypeptide kua oti mai i te ribosome.
I roto i tēnei tukanga, ka mahi te mRNA hei tauira mō te raupapatanga waikawa amino i roto i ngā pūmua, ka mau te tRNA i ngā waikawa amino e tika ana i runga i te raupapatanga codon, ā, ko te rRNA te wāhanga mahi o te ribosome, e whakaoho ana i te hanganga o ngā here peptide. He tino whakahaeretia tēnei tukanga, ā, ka whakarite kia ōrite te pūmua e puta mai ana ki te waehere ira kei roto i te DNA.
Pātai 4: Ngā Pūmua Taiao i te Oranga o Ia Rā
Pātai:
Homai ētahi tauira e toru o ngā whakamahinga o ngā pūmua tūturu i roto i te oranga o ia rā, me te whakamārama i ō rātou painga ki te whakataurite ki ngā pūmua hangai.
Kōrero:
1. Te Cellulose i roto i te Pepa me ngā Kakahu:
He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te cellulose i roto i te umanga pepa hei rauemi mata matua. I roto i te umanga kakahu, ko te cellulose te pūtake mō te hanga muka taiao pērā i te miro. Ko ngā painga o te cellulose i runga i ngā polymer hangai ko tōna pumau me te pirau koiora. Ka taea e te cellulose te pirau maori me te kore e whakapoke i te taiao, he rerekē ki te nuinga o ngā polymer hangai, e roa ana ngā tekau tau ki ngā rau tau ki te pirau.
2. Te rapa taiao i roto i ngā potae waka:
E whakamahia ana te rapa māori i roto i te hanga potae waka nā tōna ngāwari me te ātete ki te kakahu. Ko ngā painga o te rapa māori i te rapa hangai ko tōna pumau wera me tōna kaha ki te hoki ki tōna āhua taketake i muri i te taumahatanga. Ahakoa he whānuitia ngā whakamahinga o te rapa hangai, kei te whakamahia tonutia te rapa māori nā tōna mahi pai i roto i ētahi āhuatanga.
3. Te Pūmua i roto i te Kai me ngā Rongoā:
Ko ngā pūmua pēnei i te albumin me te gelatin e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā umanga kai me ngā umanga rongoā. Ka taea te whakamahi i te albumin hei whakaū i roto i ngā hua kai, ko te gelatin ia e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā kāpū rongoā me ngā tāpiringa. Ko ngā painga o ēnei pūmua tūturu ko tō rātou hototahitanga koiora me te kaha ki te nakunaku me te tukatuka e te tinana, he rerekē ki ētahi pūmua hangai, ka pāngia e ngā pānga taha, e ngā mate pāwera rānei.
He painga nui ngā pūmua taiao mō te hototahitanga me te pumau o te taiao, me te whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki ngā matū ka taea te whakapoke me te kino i ngā rauropi. Mā te whakamahinga tonu me te whanaketanga o ngā pūmua taiao ka tautoko hoki i tētahi ōhanga e hangai ana ki ngā rauemi whakahou ake, e pai ake ana ki te taiao.
Whakamutunga
He rauemi nui ngā pūmua taiao mō ngā momo āhuatanga o te ao me te hangarau. Mā te mārama ki ō rātou āhuatanga, hanganga, hanga koiora, me ngā tono, ka taea e tātou te tūhura hohonu ake i ngā painga me ngā whakamahinga pea o ngā pūmua taiao i roto i ngā momo mara. Mā te whai wāhi ki te ako mā roto i ngā mahi whakaharatau, pērā i ngā mea kua kōrerohia i runga ake nei, ka taea te whakapakari i tō tātou māramatanga me ngā tono mahi o ngā pūmua taiao i roto i ō tātou oranga o ia rā.
