Tauira o ngā Pātai Kōrero mō te Biopolymer Organic
He kaupapa nui ngā biopolymer waro i roto i te matū me te koiora, inā koa ka tae mai ki ngā rauemi pirau-ora me ngā tono whānui i roto i ngā ahumahi rerekē. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka matapakihia e mātou ētahi tauira raruraru e pā ana ki ngā biopolymer waro me ō rātou whakamārama hei whakarato i te māramatanga hohonu ake ki te ariā. Ko te whāinga o tēnei tuhinga he āwhina i ngā ākonga ki te mārama me te whakaoti rapanga e pā ana ki ngā biopolymer waro.
Te Mārama ki ngā Pūmuaora Ora
I mua i te ruku ki ngā tauira raruraru, he mea nui kia mārama he aha ngā biopolymer waro. Ko ngā biopolymer waro he pūhui macromolecular i hangaia mai i ngā waeine monomer kua whakaritea ki ngā hanganga roa, ā, i hangaia e ngā tukanga koiora. Ko ngā tauira noa o ēnei biopolymer ko ngā pūmua, ngā waikawa karihi (DNA me te RNA), me ngā polysaccharides (pēnei i te cellulose me te māngaro).
He pirau-koiora ēnei biopolymers, arā, ka taea te wawahi e ngā moroiti tūturu, ka pai ake ai te taiao i ngā polymers hangai. He whānuitia hoki ā rātou whakamahinga i roto i ngā ahumahi hauora, rongoā, ahuwhenua, me te kai.
Ngā Pātai Tauira me te Kōrero
Pātai 1: Hanganga Pūmua
Pātai: Whakamāramahia te tukanga hanga o ngā hanganga tuatahi, tuarua, tuatoru, me te hanganga whā-tau o ngā pūmua.
Kōrero:
– Hanganga Tuatahi: Ko te hanganga tuatahi te raupapatanga rārangi o ngā waikawa amino i roto i te mekameka polypeptide. Mā tēnei raupapatanga ka whakatau i ngā taumata hanganga katoa, ā, ka hangaia mā roto i ngā hononga peptide kaha i waenganui i te rōpū carboxyl o tētahi waikawa amino me te rōpū amino o te mea e whai ake nei.
– Hanganga Tuarua: Ka hangaia te hanganga tuarua mā te takai, te whakapiko rānei o te mekameka polypeptide nā te hononga hauwai i waenga i ngā ngota o te mekameka matua. Ko ngā momo matua o te hanganga tuarua ko ngā alpha-helices me ngā beta-sheets.
– Hanganga Tuatoru: Ko te hanganga tuatoru te āhua toru-ahu katoa o te mekameka polypeptide, e puta mai ana i ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā mekameka taha o ngā waikawa amino rerekē. Ka uru atu pea ēnei taunekeneke ki ngā here hauwai, ngā taunekeneke hydrophobic, ngā here ionic, me ngā here disulfide (ina koa i roto i te waikawa amino cysteine).
– Hanganga Quaternary: Ko te hanganga Quaternary te whakaritenga o ētahi mekameka polypeptide kua whakapikohia (ngā waeine iti) hei pūmua mahi. Ka taea e ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā waeine iti te noho hei hononga hauwai, hei taunekeneke hydrophobic, me ētahi atu taunekeneke.
Pātai 2: Ngā Mahi me ngā Tauira o ngā Polysaccharides
Pātai: Whakahuatia kia rua ngā momo polysaccharides, ā rātou mahi, me ngā tauira o ia momo.
Kōrero:
– Cellulose: He polysaccharide hanganga te cellulose e kitea ana i roto i ngā pakitara pūtau tipu. Ko tana mahi he whakarato i te kaha me te pakari ki ngā hanganga tipu. Hei tauira, ko te miro, te rakau, me ētahi atu muka tipu.
– Māngaro: He polysaccharide penapena pūngao te māngaro i roto i ngā tipu. Ka rongoa e ngā tipu te pūngao i roto i te āhua o te māngaro i roto i ngā kākano me ngā kōpura. Hei tauira, ko te rīwai, te kānga, me te raihi.
Pātai 3: Te Whakangaromanga Kirihou Koiora
Pātai: Whakamāramahia te tikanga o te pirau koiora o ngā kirihou koiora, me te whakahua i ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki tēnei.
Kōrero:
Ko te pirau koiora-kirihou te tukanga e wahia ai e ngā moroiti (pērā i te huakita me te harore) ngā kirihou-kirihou hei ngota iti ake pērā i te hauhā waro, te wai, me te koiora-kirihou. Ko tēnei tikanga pirau koiora e uru ana ki ngā whākōkī e hangaia ana e ēnei moroiti-kirihou.
Ko ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te tere o te pirau koiora o ngā kirihou koiora ko:
– Momo Pūmua: Ko ngā pūmua māmā ake, he taiao ake, ka ngawari ake te pirau.
– Taiao: Ka pā te pāmahana, te haumākū, te pH, me te aroaro o te hāora ki te mahi a ngā moroiti.
– Ngā moroiti: Ka pā te kanorau me te maha o ngā moroiti i roto i tētahi taiao ki te tere o te pirau.
– Hanganga Pūmua: Ko ngā pūmua he uaua ake ngā hononga matū ka uaua ake te pirau.
– Te noho mai o ngā tāpiringa: Kei roto i ētahi kirihou koiora ngā tāpiringa ka taea te tere ake, te whakaroa rānei i te tukanga pirau koiora.
Pātai 4: Ngā Waikawa Karihi
Pātai: He aha ngā rerekētanga matua i waenga i te DNA me te RNA e pā ana ki te hanganga me te mahi?
Kōrero:
– Hanganga:
– DNA: Ko te waikawa deoxyribonucleic (DNA) he mea hanga ki ngā aho polynucleotide e rua e hanga ana i te helix takirua. Ko ngā waeine monomeric o te DNA ko ngā deoxyribonucleotides, e titoa ana i ngā turanga hauota (adenine, thymine, cytosine, me te guanine), te huka deoxyribose, me te rōpū phosphate.
– RNA: Ko te waikawa ribonucleic (RNA) he aho kotahi o ngā polynucleotides. Ko ngā waeine monomeric o te RNA ko ngā ribonucleotides, e titoa ana i ngā turanga hauota (adenine, uracil, cytosine, me te guanine), te huka ribose, me te rōpū phosphate.
- Mahi:
– DNA: Ko te DNA he putunga mōhiohio ira i roto i te ahua o ngā raupapatanga nucleotide e tukuna iho ana i tetahi whakatipuranga ki tetahi whakatipuranga. Ka whakahaerehia hoki e te DNA te nuinga o ngā mahi pūtau mā te whakahaere i te whakaaturanga ira.
– RNA: He maha ngā mahi a te RNA i roto i te tukanga whakaputa ira, tae atu ki te kawe i ngā karere ira mai i te DNA ki ngā ribosome (mRNA), te āwhina ki te hanga hanganga ribosome (rRNA), me te kawe i ngā waikawa amino ki ngā ribosome i te wā o te tukanga whakamāori (tRNA).
Pātai 5: Ngā Pūtake Taiao o ngā Biopolymers
Pātai: Whakaahuahia kia toru ngā pūtake taiao o ngā biopolymer me ngā tauira o ngā hua e whakaputaina ana e rātou.
Kōrero:
– Ngā tipu: Ko ngā matū koiora pēnei i te cellulose me te māngaro i ahu mai i ngā kiko tipu. Ko ētahi tauira ko ngā muka kakahu mai i te miro (cellulose) me te rauemi mata mō ngā kirihou koiora mai i te māngaro (hei tauira, PLA – Waikawa Polylactic).
– Ngā Kararehe: Ko te chitin he biopolymer e kitea ana i roto i ngā angaanga o waho o ngā pepeke me ngā pāpaka. Ka hurihia hei chitosan, ka whakamahia te chitin i roto i ngā hua hauora pēnei i ngā takai me ngā pūnaha tuku rongoā.
– Ngā rauropi iti: Ka taea e ētahi rauropi iti te whakaputa i ngā biopolymer pēnei i ngā polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). Ka whakamahia ngā PHA i roto i te hanga i ngā momo kirihou koiora pirau.
Whakamutunga
He matū nui ngā biopolymer rauropi i roto i ngā āhuatanga maha o te ao me te hangarau. Mā te mārama ki te hanganga, te mahi, me te hiranga o ēnei biopolymer ka taea te whakarato i te māramatanga hohonu ake ki te whai wāhi atu a ēnei ki te kanorau koiora me te whanaketanga o ngā hua e pai ana ki te taiao. Mā ngā tauira me ngā kōrero i runga ake nei, ko te tumanako ka pai ake te māramatanga o ngā kaipānui, ā, ka rite hoki rātou ki te whakautu i ngā pātai maha e pā ana ki ngā biopolymer rauropi.
