Ngā Tauira Pātai e Matapaki ana i ngā Here Hononga
Pendahuluan
Ko te here honohono he momo here matū e whakamahia ana e ngā ngota e rua tētahi takirua, neke atu rānei o ngā irahiko hei whakatutuki i tētahi whirihoranga irahiko pumau, pērā i ngā hau rangatira. Ko tēnei here ka puta i waenga i ngā ngota kore-whakarewa he nui ngā irahiko, ā, kāore i te tino rerekē. He mea nui te hanganga o te here honohono i roto i te matū waro me te matū kore-waro, ā, koinei te pūtake o ngā matū maha e tūtaki ana tātou i ia rā. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka matapakihia e mātou ētahi tauira e pā ana ki ngā here honohono, me te whakarato i ngā otinga hei āwhina i a tātou ki te mārama ake ki a rātou.
Ngā Pātai Tauira me te Kōrero
Pātai 1
Whakatauhia te momo me te maha o ngā hononga honohono i hangaia i roto i te ngota H2O (wai).
Kōrero:
Kotahi te ngota hāora (O) me rua ngā ngota hauwai (H) i roto i te ngota wai.
1. Whirihoranga Irahiko:
– Hāora: 1s² 2s² 2p⁴ (8 ngā irahiko katoa)
– Hauwai: 1s¹ (1 irahiko katoa)
E rua atu ngā irahiko e hiahiatia ana e te hāora hei whakatutuki i te whirihoranga octet (8 ngā irahiko i roto i tōna anga o waho rawa), ko ia ngota hauwai e hiahia ana ki te kotahi irahiko hei whakatutuki i te whirihoranga takirua (2 ngā irahiko i roto i te anga K).
2. Te Hanganga o ngā Herenga Taurite:
– Kotahi te irahiko e tohaina ana e ia ngota hauwai me te ngota hāora.
– E rua ngā irahiko e tohaina ana e te hāora me ngā ngota hauwai e rua, kotahi mō ia ngota.
Nō reira, e rua ngā hononga honohono ka hangaia i roto i te ngota H2O, tētahi i waenganui i te ngota Hāora me te ngota Hauwai.
Pātai 2
Tuhia te hanganga Lewis mō te ngota methane (CH₄).
Kōrero:
Kotahi te ngota waro (C) me ngā ngota hauwai (H) e whā kei roto i te methane.
1. Whirihoranga Irahiko:
– Waro: 1s² 2s² 2p² (6 ngā irahiko katoa)
– Hauwai: 1s¹ (1 irahiko katoa)
E whā ngā irahiko valence o te waro (2s² 2p²), ā, e whā atu ngā irahiko e hiahiatia ana hei tae atu ki te octet.
2. Te Hanganga o ngā Herenga Taurite:
– Kotahi te irahiko e tohaina ana e ia ngota hauwai me te ngota waro.
– E whā ngā irahiko e tohaina ana e te waro me ngā ngota hauwai e whā, kotahi mō ia ngota.
Ko te hanganga Lewis mō te methane penei:
""
H
|
H – C – H
|
H
""
Kei waenganui te waro me ngā hononga takitahi e whā ki ngā ngota hauwai e whā.
Pātai 3
Whakatauhia te hanganga Lewis me te āhua ngota ngota mō te hauhā waro (CO₂).
Kōrero:
Kotahi te ngota waro (C) me rua ngā ngota hāora (O) kei roto i te hauhā waro.
1. Whirihoranga Irahiko:
– Waro: 1s² 2s² 2p² (6 ngā irahiko katoa)
– Hāora: 1s² 2s² 2p⁴ (8 ngā irahiko katoa)
E whā ngā irahiko valence o te waro, e ono ia ngota hāora. E whā atu ngā irahiko e hiahiatia ana e te waro mō te octet, e rua atu ia ngota hāora.
2. Te Hanganga o ngā Herenga Taurite:
– E rua ngā irahiko e tohaina ana e te waro me ia ngota hāora.
– E rua ngā hononga takirua ka hangaia i waenganui i te Waro me ia Hāora.
Ko te hanganga Lewis mō te CO₂ e whai ake nei:
""
O = C = O
""
He rārangi te āhua o te ngota ngota me te koki hononga o te 180°.
Pātai 4
Tātaihia te tapeke o ngā irahiko valence, ka tuhi i te hanganga Lewis mō te ngota haukini (NH₃).
Kōrero:
Kotahi te ngota hauota (N) me ētahi atu ngota hauwai (H) e toru kei roto i te haukini.
1. Whirihoranga Irahiko:
– Hauota: 1s² 2s² 2p³ (7 ngā irahiko katoa)
– Hauwai: 1s¹ (1 irahiko katoa)
E rima ngā irahiko valence o te hauota, e toru atu ngā irahiko e hiahiatia ana mō tētahi octet.
2. Te Tapeke o ngā Irahiko Valence:
– Hauota: 5 ngā irahiko valence.
– Hauwai (3 ngota): 3 irahiko (1 irahiko mō ia ngota).
Ngā irahiko valence katoa = 5 + 3 = 8 ngā irahiko valence.
3. Te Hanganga o ngā Herenga Taurite:
– Kotahi te irahiko e tohaina ana e te hauota ki ia ngota hauwai.
Ko te hanganga Lewis mō NH₃ ko:
""
H
|
H – N – H
|
""
Ā, kei roto i te hauota he takirua irahiko kore utu (takirua takitahi).
Pātai 5
Tuhia, ka whakamāramahia te hanganga Lewis mō te katote nitrate (NO₃⁻).
Kōrero:
He pūhui maha-atomika te katote pākawa waro, kotahi te hauota (N) me ētahi hāora e toru (O), me tētahi utu kino anō hoki.
1. Whirihoranga Irahiko:
– Hauota: 1s² 2s² 2p³ (7 ngā irahiko katoa)
– Hāora: 1s² 2s² 2p⁴ (8 ngā irahiko katoa)
E rima ngā irahiko valence o te hauota, ā, e ono ngā irahiko valence o ia hāora.
2. Te Tapeke o ngā Irahiko Valence:
– Hauota: 5 ngā irahiko.
– Hāora (3 ngā ngota): 18 ngā irahiko (6 ngā irahiko mō ia ngota).
– Tāpiri atu nā ngā katote kino: 1 irahiko.
Ngā irahiko valence katoa = 5 + 18 + 1 = 24 ngā irahiko valence.
3. Te Hanganga o ngā Herenga Taurite me te Whakaritenga o ngā Hanganga Lewis:
– Ka hanga e te hauota he hononga takirua ki tētahi o ngā ngota hāora, me ngā hononga takitahi ki ngā ngota hāora e rua e toe ana.
– Ko te tohatoha ōrite o te utu kino i waenga i ngā ngota hāora e rua me ngā hononga kotahi ka uru te haruru.
Ko te hanganga Lewis mō NO₃⁻ ko:
""
O
/
ON=O
""
Engari me tāpiri he tohu haruru hei whakaahua i te tangohanga o te irahiko.
Whakamutunga
He ariā taketake te hononga honohono i roto i te matū, e whakamahia tahitia ai ngā irahiko e ngā ngota hei whakatutuki i te pumau. Ko te mārama ki te tuhi i ngā hanganga Lewis, te tatau i ngā irahiko valence, me te whakatau i ngā āhua ngota he pūkenga nui hei mārama ake i ngā tukanga matū. Mā roto i ngā tauira i runga ake nei, ko te tumanako ka pai ake te mārama o ngā kaipānui ki te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o ngā hononga honohono.
