Ngā Tauira Pātai me te Kōrero mō ngā Ārai Pūhui
Pendahuluan
Ko te kupu "multiply allele" he kupu e whakamahia ana i roto i te ira hei whakaahua i te aroaro o ngā ira neke atu i te rua i te ira kotahi. He rerekē tēnei i te tauira tuku iho Mendelian tawhito, e whakaarohia ana kia rua noa ngā ira mō te ira kotahi: he ira matua me he ira heke. He nui ake te kanorau ira o ngā ira maha, ā, e kitea ana i roto i te tini o ngā rauropi. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka matapakihia e mātou ētahi tauira e pā ana ki ngā ira maha me ō rātou otinga.
Ariā Taketake o ngā Ārai Maha
Ko ngā ira maha he huinga o ngā ira neke atu i te rua e noho ana i te wāhi kotahi i runga i te takirua o ngā ira ōrite. Mā te noho mai o ngā ira maha ka nui ake te rerekētanga o te āhua i roto i te taupori. Ko tētahi tauira matarohia o te tukunga iho ira maha ko te momo toto tangata (pūnaha ABO), e toru ngā ira: \(I^A\), \(I^B\), me \(i\).
Tauira Pātai 1: Ngā Rōpū Toto o te Pūnaha ABO
Pātai:
Ka moe tētahi tāne he momo toto A tōna ki tētahi wahine he momo toto B tōna. Ka whānau tā rāua tamaiti he momo toto O tōna. Tāutuhia ngā ira tūturu pea o ngā mātua.
Kōrero:
Ka taea e te momo toto A te whai iraira \(I^AI^A\) me \(I^Ai\ rānei), engari ka taea e te momo toto B te whai iraira \(I^BI^B\) me \(I^Bi\ rānei). Ka taea anake e te momo toto O te whai iraira \(ii\). Nā te mea he momo toto O tō te tamaiti, me whai wāhi ngā mātua e rua ki te iraira \(i\).
– He tangata he momo toto A tōna, ā, he iraira anō hoki \(I^Ai\).
– He wahine he momo toto B, ā, he iraira anō hoki \(I^Bi\).
Ki te hanga tātou i tētahi ripanga whakawhanaungatanga ira (tapawhā punnett), ka kitea ngā hua o tā rātou whakawhiti penei:
| | \(I^A\) | \(i\) |
|———-|———|——–|
| \(I^B\) | \(I^AI^B\) | \(I^Bi\) |
| \(i\) | \(I^Ai\) | \(ii\) |
Ngā āhuatanga pea o te tamaiti:
– \(I^AI^B\) : Momo toto AB
– \(I^Bi\) : Momo toto B
– \(I^Ai\) : Momo toto A
– \(ii\) : Momo toto O
He momoira kei te tamaiti he momo toto O, ā, ka puta pea tēnei momoira \(ii\) nō reira ka taea te whakatau ko ngā momoira pea o ngā mātua e rua ko \(I^Ai\) me \(I^Bi\).
Tauira Pātai 2: Tae Huruhuru i roto i ngā Rāpeti
Pātai:
I roto i ngā rāpeti, ka whakatauhia te tae o te huruhuru e te huinga o ngā iraira maha i roto i te raupapa mana \(C > c^c > c^h > c\). Ko ngā tae huruhuru pea ko:
– \(CC, Cc^c, Cc^h, Cc\): Makawe mangu
– \(c^cc^c, c^cc^h, c^cc\): He tae Sepia
– \(c^hc^h, c^hc\): Huruhuru Himāria
– \(cc\): Huruhuru Ānipō
Mēnā ka moea ngā rāpeti sepia e rua, tautuhia te ōwehenga āhua o ā rāua uri.
Kōrero:
Ka taea e te rāpeti he huruhuru sepia te whai i te iraira \(c^cc^c\), \(c^cc^h\), \(c^cc\ rānei). Hei whakamāmā ake, me kī tātou kei ngā rāpeti e rua te iraira \(c^cc^c\).
Ko te whakawhiti i waenga i ngā rāpeti me te iraira \(c^cc^c\) e whai ake nei:
| | \(c^c\) | \(c\) |
|———-|———|——–|
| \(c^c\) | \(c^cc^c\) | \(c^cc\) |
| \(c\) | \(c^cc\) | \(cc\) |
Te ōwehenga ira-ira me te ōwehenga āhua-āhua:
– \(c^cc^c\): Huruhuru Sepia
– \(2c^cc\): Huruhuru Himāria
– \(cc\): Huruhuru Ānipō
Ko te ōwehenga āhuahanga o ā rāua tamariki he 1 hēpia: 2 himārian: 1 kōwhai.
Tauira Pātai 3: Ngā Mate Tangata
Pātai:
I roto i tētahi āhuatanga ira, e whā ngā ira, arā, ko \(A_1\), \(A_2\), \(A_3\), me \(a\) me te raupapa mana \(A_1 > A_2 > A_3 > a\). Mēnā kei tētahi tangata ngā iraira \(A_1a\) me \(A_3A_3\), whakatauhia te momo āhua o ia tangata.
Kōrero:
– He tangata whai iraira \(A_1a\): Nā te mea ko \(A_1\) te rangatira i runga ake i ngā iraira katoa, ka whakaatuhia e tēnei tangata te iraira e pā ana ki te iraira \(A_1\).
– He takitahi me te iraira \(A_3A_3\): Nā te mea he rangatira te iraira \(A_3\) ki te iraira \(a\) engari he whakaroa ki a \(A_1\) me \(A_2\), ka ahu mai te iraira i te whakaaturanga o te iraira \(A_3\).
Whakamutunga
Mā te matapakinga o ngā pātai o tēnei tuhinga e whakaatu ana he uaua ake te tuku iho i ngā āhuatanga me ngā iraira maha i te tuku iho Mendelian tawhito. Mā ngā iraira maha i te wāhi kotahi ka whai wāhi ki te rerekētanga phenotypic whānui. Mā te mārama ki te ariā o ngā iraira maha, ka taea e tātou te whakatau ngāwari ake i ngā putanga ira pea i roto i te taupori. He mea nui tēnei tātaritanga i roto i te ako i ngā iraira me ōna tono i roto i te rongoā, te whakatipu uri, me te koiora whanaketanga.
