Ngā Waikawa me ngā Kawenga o Arrhenius: Te Whakakite i ngā Kaupapa Taketake o te Matū
I roto i te matū, ko ngā ariā o ngā waikawa me ngā turanga he tūāpapa nui e āhei ai tātou ki te mārama ki ngā tauhohenga matū maha, i roto i ngā taiwhanga me te oranga o ia rā. Ko tētahi o ngā ariā tuatahi me te tino taketake mō te whakarōpū i ngā waikawa me ngā turanga i whakaurua mai e Svante Arrhenius i te mutunga o te rautau 19. Ko tēnei ariā, e mōhiotia ana ko te Ariā Arrhenius mō ngā Waikawa me ngā Turanga, e whakarato ana i tētahi tirohanga taketake mō ngā āhuatanga matū o ngā waikawa me ngā turanga i runga i ō rātou whanonga ionic. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka tūhuratia e tātou ngā ariā taketake o tēnei ariā, ōna pānga, me tōna hiranga me ngā tono i roto i te ao hou.
Ngā Ariā Taketake o te Ariā Arrhenius
I toa a Svante Arrhenius, he kaimātai matū nō Huitene, i te Tohu Nobel mō te Matū i te tau 1903 mō āna mahi i roto i te matū hikohiko. Ko tana takoha nui ki te ariā o ngā waikawa me ngā kawakore ko te tautuhi me te whakarōpūtanga o ngā matū i runga i tō rātou kaha ki te wehe i roto i te wairewa.
E ai ki te Ariā Pūtake Waikawa Arrhenius:
1. Waikawa Arrhenius: Ko te waikawa he matū e whakaputa ana i ngā iona hauwai (H+) ina rewa ki te wai. Ko ngā tauira noa o ngā waikawa Arrhenius ko te waikawa hauwaihaumāota (HCl), ka wehea i roto i te wai hei iona H+ me te iona pūhaumāota (Cl-).
HCl → H+ + Cl-
2. Pūtake Arrhenius: He matū te pūtake, ina rewa ki te wai, ka puta he iona hauwai (OH-). Ko ngā tauira noa o ngā pūtake Arrhenius ko te hauwai konutai (NaOH), ka wehea i roto i te wai hei Na+ me te OH-.
NaOH → Na+ + OH-
He pūtake māmā engari he pūtake kaha tēnei ariā mō te tautuhi me te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga o ngā waikawa me ngā kawakore i runga i ō rātou hua wetewete i roto i te wai.
Tauhohenga Whakakore
Ko tētahi o ngā ariā nui e puta mai ana i te Ariā Waikawa-Pūtake o Arrhenius ko te tauhohenga whakapūmau, e tauhohe ai te waikawa me te pūtake hei hanga wai me te tote. I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea te whakaatu i te tauhohenga whakapūmau penei:
H+ (mai i te waikawa) + OH- (mai i te turanga) → H2O (wai)
Hei tauira, ko te tauhohenga i waenga i te waikawa hauwai (HCl) me te hauwai konutai (NaOH) ka puta he wai me te konutai pūhaumāota (NaCl):
HCl + NaOH → H2O + NaCl
Ko ngā tauhohenga whakahāngai te pūtake o ngā tukanga matū ahumahi maha, tae atu ki ngā tauhohenga koiora me ngā tauhohenga ā-tinana i roto i ngā mea ora.
Ngā Here o te Ariā Arrhenius
Ahakoa he māramatanga taketake, he tino whai hua hoki te Ariā Waikawa-Pūtake a Arrhenius, he maha ōna herenga. Ko tētahi herenga nui ko te pānga anake ki ngā tauhohenga i roto i ngā otinga wai, ā, kāore e taea te whakamārama i ngā āhuatanga o ngā waikawa me ngā pūtake i roto i ngā whakarewa kore-wai, i roto rānei i te āhua hau.
Hei tauira, kāore te haukini (NH3) e tau ki te whakamāramatanga a Arrhenius mō te turanga nā te mea kāore e whakaputa tika i te OH- i roto i te wai. Heoi, e mōhio ana tātou ka taea e te haukini te mahi hei turanga nā te mea ka taea e ia te tango i ngā iona H+ hei hanga i ngā iona haukini (NH4+):
NH3 + H2O → NH4+ + OH-
Kāore hoki e taea e te ariā a Arrhenius te whakamārama i te whanonga o ētahi pūhui amphoteric, arā, ngā pūhui ka taea te mahi hei waikawa me te turanga, pērā i te wai (H2O).
Te Whakawhanaketanga o te Ariā Waikawa-Pūtake
Hei whakakore i ngā herenga o te Ariā Waikawa-Pūtake o Arrhenius, i muri mai ka whakawhanakehia e ngā kaipūtaiao tētahi ariā whānui ake, whānui ake hoki. E rua ngā ariā matua i puta mai hei whanaketanga o te Ariā Waikawa-Pūtake o Arrhenius ko te Ariā Brønsted-Lowry me te Ariā Lewis.
1. Ariā Brønsted-Lowry: I whakaurua mai e Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted rāua ko Thomas Martin Lowry i te tau 1923, e tautuhia ana e tēnei ariā ngā waikawa hei kaituku pūtorino (H+) me ngā kakano hei kaiwhiwhi pūtorino. He whānui ake tēnei ariā nā te mea kāore e herea ki ngā wairewa wai anake. Hei tauira:
– Waikawa: HCl (kaituku H+)
– Pūtake: NH3 (kaiwhakawhiwhi H+)
Tauhohenga: HCl + NH3 → NH4+ + Cl-
2. Ariā Lewis: I te tau 1923, i whakaarohia e Gilbert N. Lewis tētahi ariā waikawa-pūtake whānui ake, e tautuhi ana i ngā waikawa hei kaiwhiwhi takirua-irahiko, me ngā pūtake hei kaituku takirua-irahiko. Kei roto i tēnei whakamāramatanga he maha atu ngā tauhohenga matū kāore i whakamāramahia e ngā Ariā Arrhenius, e ngā Ariā Brønsted-Lowry rānei. Hei tauira:
– Waikawa: BF3 (kaiwhakaae takirua irahiko nā te korenga o te takirua irahiko)
– Pūtake: NH3 (kaituku takirua irahiko nā te mea he takirua irahiko kore utu tōna)
Tauhohenga: BF3 + NH3 → F3B-NH3
E whakatairanga ana ēnei ariā i te whakawhiti o ngā pūrotana me ngā takirua irahiko, e whakarato ana i tētahi tirohanga whānui ake mō te whanonga o ngā waikawa me ngā kawakore.
Te Whakamahinga o te Ariā Waikawa-Turanga o Arrhenius
Ahakoa ōna herenga, kei te whai tikanga tonu, kei te hiranga tonu hoki ngā mātāpono taketake o te Ariā Waikawa-Pūtake o Arrhenius i roto i ngā mahi ā-ringa me ngā mahi ahumahi. Anei ētahi tauira:
1. Ahumahi Matū: I roto i te hanga o ngā hua o ia rā pēnei i ngā hopi horoi, ngā maniua, me ētahi atu matū ahumahi, he mea nui te tautuhi me te whakamahi i ngā waikawa me ngā kawakore.
2. Tātari Matū: He mea tino nui tēnei ariā i roto i te titration waikawa-pūtake, he tikanga tātari tauanga e whakamahia ana hei whakatau i te kukū o tētahi otinga waikawa, pūtake rānei.
3. Koiora me te Rongoā: He mea nui te mārama ki te taunekeneke a ngā waikawa me ngā kawakore i roto i te tinana tangata i roto i ngā mara o te matū koiora me te āhua o te tinana, pērā i te pupuri i te pH toto pumau.
4. Taiao: He mea tino nui te aroturuki i te pH o te wai me te oneone hei pupuri i te taurite o te pūnaha rauropi me te hauora o ngā mea ora.
5. Maimoatanga Wai: E whakamahia ana tēnei ariā mō te maimoatanga wai para me te wai inu hei whakarite kia noho te pH i roto i te awhe haumaru.
Whakamutunga
Ahakoa ko te ariā waikawa-pūtake a Arrhenius tētahi o ngā ariā matū tino taketake, he mea nui tonu, ā, he tūāpapa pakari mō te rangahau anō i ngā tauhohenga waikawa-pūtake. Ahakoa ōna herenga, i noho te ariā a Arrhenius hei tūāpapa nui mō te whanaketanga o ētahi atu ariā waikawa-pūtake, pērā i a Brønsted-Lowry rāua ko Lewis. Mā te mārama ki ēnei mātāpono taketake, ka ngāwari ake te mārama ki te uaua me te ataahua o ngā tauhohenga matū e puta ana i a tātou i ia rā.
