Te whakamāramatanga o te iahiko
I roto i tētahi ara iahiko pērā i te parahi, kei reira ngā irahiko e neke noa ana, e kore e neke matapōkeretia i ngā tere teitei engari kāore e mawhiti atu i te konganuku. Ko ngā irahiko ka taea te neke noa ka kiia he irahiko kore utu. Ahakoa e neke noa ana ngā irahiko ki ngā taha katoa, kāore he rere kupenga o ngā irahiko i tētahi taha. Ka puta tēnei āhuatanga ina kāore he rerekētanga pūmanawa i waenga i ngā pito e rua o te waea parahi.
Ina honoa te waea ki tētahi pūtake hiko, ka puta he rerekētanga pūmanawa i waenganui i ngā pito e rua o te waea parahi, ā, ka hangaia he papa hiko i roto i te waea parahi. Mā te noho mai o tētahi papa hiko ka pāngia ngā irahiko kore utu e te kaha hiko F = q E = e E, ko F = te kaha hiko, e = te utu irahiko, E = te papa hiko . Mā te kaha hiko ka pāngia ngā irahiko katoa e neke noa ana e te tere tere i te ahunga kotahi me te kaha hiko.
Ko ēnei irahiko kore utu, e neke tahi ana, kei waenganui i ngā ngota tūmau i roto i te waea parahi, ka puta ai te tukinga o ngā irahiko katoa ki ēnei ngota. Mā ēnei tukinga ka huri te ahunga nekehanga o ngā irahiko kore utu. Ka pāngia tonutia ēnei irahiko katoa e te kaha hiko, ka tere ake i te ahunga kotahi me te kaha hiko. I muri i te neke mō tētahi wā poto, ka tukinga anō ngā irahiko kore utu ki ngā ngota i roto i te waea parahi. Heoi, ka pāngia tonutia ngā irahiko kore utu e te kaha hiko, ka tere ake anō ngā irahiko katoa.
Nō reira, haunga te neke matapōkere i ngā ahunga rerekē, ka neke haere ngā irahiko kore utu katoa i te ahunga o te kaha hiko, ā, i te ahunga ke atu hoki o te mara hiko. Ko te ahunga o te mara hiko mai i te pūmanawa hiko teitei ki te pūmanawa hiko iti, ko ngā irahiko ia e neke ana mai i te pūmanawa iti ki te pūmanawa teitei. He tino tere te nekehanga matapōkere o ia irahiko kore utu, ko te nekehanga tahi o ngā irahiko kore utu i te ahunga o te kaha hiko he tino puhoi. Ko tēnei nekehanga tahi o ngā irahiko kore utu i te ahunga o te kaha hiko ka kiia hoki ko te tere nekeneke.
Ko te au hiko e whakamāramahia ana ko te rere o te utu hiko mā roto i te whakawhiti-wāhanga o tētahi kaiārahi i roto i tētahi wā kua whakaritea. E ai ki te tikanga, ko te ahunga o te au hiko he rite ki te ahunga o te nekehanga o ngā utu pai. I whakaaetia tēnei whakaaetanga i mua i te mōhiotia ko ngā mea e neke ana i roto i tētahi kaiārahi he irahiko kore utu, he irahiko kino. Ko te ahunga o te nekehanga o ngā irahiko i roto i tētahi kaiārahi he ritenga kē ki te ahunga o te au hiko. Nō reira, ina kōrerohia te au e rere ana i roto i tētahi kaiārahi, ko te tikanga ko te rere o ngā utu pai, e mōhiotia ana ko te au tikanga nā te mea ko te hua o tēnei whakaaetanga.
Tātai iahiko
I roto i te pāngarau, ka whakaatuhia te iahiko hiko e te whārite:
I = ΔQ / Δt
Whakaahuatanga tātai: I = iahiko hiko, ΔQ = te nui o te utu hiko, Δt = te wā.
Te waeine o te iahiko hiko
Ko te waeine o te utu hiko ko te Coulomb, ko te waeine o te wā ko te hekona, nō reira ko te waeine o te iahiko hiko ko te Coulomb/hekona. E kiia ana hoki ko te Coulomb/hekona ko Ampere , i tapaina i muri i te tohunga ahupūngao Wīwī, a Andre Marie Ampere (1775-1836). 1 Ampere = 1 Coulomb/hekona (1 A = 1 C/s). Arā, he rite te iahiko o te 1 Ampere ki te utu hiko o te 1 Coulomb e haere ana i roto i te horahanga whakawhiti-wāhanga o te waea mō te 1 hekona. Haunga te whakaatu i roto i ngā Amperes, ka whakaaturia hoki te iahiko i roto i ngā milliamperes (1 mA = 10 -3 A), ngā microamperes (1 μA = 10 -6 A), ngā nanoamperes (1 nA = 10 -9 A) ngā picoamperes rānei (1 pA = 10 -12 A).
Tauira pātai 1:
E rere ana te iahiko o te 2 Amperes i roto i tētahi waea mō te 8 hēkona. Tāutuhia te rahi o te utu e tika ana mā roto i tētahi pūwāhi me te maha o ngā irahiko i roto i taua utu!
Kōrero
E mōhiotia ana:
Iahiko hiko (I) = 1 Ampere
Wā wā (t) = 2 hēkona
I pātaihia: te utu (Q) me te maha o ngā irahiko (e)
Whakautu:
Te tātai o te au hiko:
I = Q/t
Whakaahuatanga tātai: I = iahiko hiko, Q = utu hiko, t = wā
Utu hiko:
Q = I t = (2 Ampere)(8 hēkona) = 16 Coulomb.
Ko te utu o te irahiko kotahi he 1,6 x 10 -19 Coulombs, nō reira he rite te maha o ngā irahiko o te utu o te 16 Coulombs ki te 16 C / 1,6 x 10 -19 Coulombs = 10 x 10 19 irahiko.
Te au hiko, te tere o te rerenga me te mātotoru o te au
Whakaarohia he utu pai e neke ana ki te taha matau me te tere nekeneke v i te ahunga o te papa hiko E i roto i te ara iahiko me te horahanga whakawhiti-wāhanga A. Ka neke te utu pai i te tawhiti s = vt i roto i te wā t.
Mena ko te maha o ngā matūriki kua utua mō ia rōrahi (kiato matūriki kua utua) ko n, ā, ko te rōrahi o te kaiārahi ko A s = A vt, ko te maha o ngā matūriki kua utua i roto i te rōrahi o te kaiārahi ko n A v t. Mena he utu q tō ia matūriki kua utua, ko te nui o te utu e tika ana mā te pito o te kaiārahi i te wā t ko Q = nq A v t. Nō reira, ko te iahiko e rere ana mā te pito o te kaiārahi ko I = Q/t = nq A v. Ko te kiato iahiko, te iahiko rānei mō ia horahanga whakawhiti-wāhanga A ko J = I/A = nq v. Ka taea te whakatau ko te iahiko e rere ana i roto i te kaiārahi ko te hua o te whakarea o te kiato o ngā matūriki kua utua (n), te rahi o te utu o ia matūriki (q), te horahanga whakawhiti-wāhanga o te kaiārahi (A) me te tere o te rere o ngā matūriki kua utua (v).
Akohia te tauira raruraru e whai ake nei kia mārama ai koe ki te rerekētanga i waenga i te tere o ia matūriki kua utua me te tere o te nekeneke o ngā matūriki kua utua katoa.
Tauira pātai 2:
E rere ana te iahiko pumau o te 10 Amperes i roto i te waea parahi me te horahanga whakawhiti o te 3 x 10-6 m2Ko te kiato irahiko kore utu he 8,4 x 1028 irahiko/m3. Whakatauhia te tere o te nekeneke o ngā irahiko kore utu!
Kōrero
E mōhiotia ana:
Iahiko hiko (I) = 10 Ampere
Te horahanga whakawhiti-wāhanga waea (A) = 3 x 10-6 m2
Te kiato irahiko kore utu (n) = 8,4 x 1028 m-3
Utu irahiko (q) = 1,6 x 10-19 C
I pātaihia: Tere o te nekenekehanga irahiko kore utu (v)
Whakautu:
Ka tatauhia te tere o ngā irahiko mā te whakamahi i te tātai i ahu mai i mua:
Whakaahuatanga: I = iahiko hiko, n = te kiato o ngā matūriki kua utua = te kiato o ngā irahiko kore utu, q = te utu o te irahiko kotahi, A = te horahanga whakawhiti-wāhanga o te arataki, v = te tere o te nekeneke irahiko
Ko te tere o te nekenekehanga irahiko he 0,248 x 10 -3 mita/hekona = 0,248 mirimita/hekona.
Ka neke tahi ngā irahiko kore utu i roto i te waea i te tere o te 0,248 mirimita ia hekona. Arā, i ia hekona ka neke katoa ngā irahiko kore utu i te 0,248 mirimita. He tere tino puhoi tēnei. Mena he puhoi rawa te nekehanga o ngā irahiko kore utu, he aha i tahuri tonu ai te rama hiko i muri i te tahuritanga o te pana?
Hei mārama ki tēnei, whakaarohia te rere o ngā irahiko i roto i te kaiārahi hiko, pērā i te rere o te wai i roto i te ngongo. Mēnā kua whakakīia te ngongo ki te wai, kātahi ka honoa tetahi pito o te ngongo ki te taputapu hiko, ka rere tonu te wai i tērā pito. Waihoki, kei roto i te waea parahi me te waea pūrama ngā irahiko kore utu. Ina tahurihia te pana, ka puta he āpure hiko me te tere e tata ana ki te tere o te mārama (tere o te mārama = 3 x 108 mita /hēkona), ka meinga ngā irahiko kore utu kia tīmata tonu te neke tahi. Kua noho kē ngā irahiko kore utu i roto i te waea pūrama, nō reira ka tahuri tonu te pūrama.
