Pendahuluan
He mea nui te pūngao mō te tangata, ā, e kore e taea te wehe atu i te oranga o ia rā. Mai i te hurihanga ahumahi, kua tere te pikinga o te whakamahinga pūngao, nā ngā wahie pūmua pērā i te hinu, te waro, me te hau māori i ārahi. Ahakoa kua ārahi ēnei rauemi i te ahunga whakamua o te ahumahi me te hangarau, he pānga kino anō hoki ki te taiao, ā, he iti noa iho te wātea. Nō reira, he mea nui te kimi i ētahi atu puna pūngao e pai ake ana ki te taiao, e pumau ana hoki.
Ngā Momo Pūngao Rerekē
Ko te pūngao rerekē e pā ana ki ngā momo pūtake pūngao ka taea te whakamahi hei whakakapi mō ngā wahie pūmua. Anei ētahi o ngā pūtake pūngao rerekē rongonui me te whai hua:
1. Pūngao Rā
Ko te pūngao rā he pūngao e ahu mai ana i te hihi o te rā. Ko ngā hangarau matua e whakamahia ana hei huri i te pūngao rā ki te hiko ko ngā panera rā (photovoltaics) me ngā pūnaha hiko rā kukū (CSP). Ka mahi ngā panera rā mā te huri tika i te hihi o te rā ki te hiko mā te whakamahi i ngā haurua-ira, ko te CSP ia ka whakamahi i ngā whakaata, i ngā karāhe rānei hei arotahi i te hihi o te rā ki tētahi pūwāhi motuhake, ka whakaputa i te wera e whakamahia ana hei taraiwa i ngā tāpine me te whakaputa hiko.
Ko ngā painga o te pūngao rā ko tōna nui me te mutunga kore o te wātea me te kore o ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi. Heoi, ko ōna wero matua ko tōna iti o te whai huatanga o te hurihanga me te whakawhirinaki ki ngā āhuatanga o te rangi.
2. Pūngao Hau
Ka puta te pūngao hau mai i te nekehanga o te hau e huri ana i ngā tāpine hau hei whakaputa hiko. Ka taea te whakanoho i ngā tāpine hau ki uta, ki tai rānei. He nui te kaha o te pūngao hau nā te mea he nui ngā rohe he tere te hau hei huri i ngā tāpine kia pai ai te mahi.
Ko ngā painga matua o te pūngao hau ko te kore e whakaputa tukunga, ā, he nui hoki ngā rauemi. Heoi, he maha ngā wero e pā ana ki ngā tāutanga tāpine hau pērā i te haruru, te pānga tirohanga, me te whakararuraru i ngā rauropi ā-rohe.
3. Pūngao Koiora
I ahu mai te pūngao koiora i ngā rauemi rauropi pērā i te rakau, te para ahuwhenua, me ngā toenga kai. Ka taea te tahu tika i te koiora hei whakaputa wera, te huri rānei hei wahie wai, hei wahie hau rānei ka taea te whakamahi hei whakaputa hiko, hei wahie waka rānei.
E kiia ana te koiora he puna pūngao whakahou nā te mea ka taea te whakaora i ngā mea rauropi mā roto i ngā huringa ahuwhenua me te ngahere. Heoi anō, ka puta mai anō hoki ngā tukunga mai i te tahunga koiora, ahakoa he iti iho i ērā o ngā wahie pūmua, ā, kei reira ngā āwangawanga mō ngā pānga ki te whakamahinga whenua me te kanorau koiora.
4. Pūngao Wai (Hikohiko)
Ka whakamahia e te pūngao wai, te hiko wai rānei, te wai e rere ana hei huri i ngā tāpoi me te whakaputa hiko. Ka puta mai pea tēnei i ngā tāhuna nui e whakahaere ana i ngā rere o ngā awa, i ngā kaupapa iti rānei pērā i te hiko wai-iti.
Ko te hiko wai tētahi o ngā momo pūngao whakahou tino pumau me te pono. Heoi anō, ka pā kino te hanganga o ngā tāhuna nui ki te taiao, tae atu ki ngā panonitanga o te rere o ngā awa, te ngaronga o ngā nohoanga, me te nekehanga o ngā hapori o te rohe.
5. Pūngao Ā-whenua
Ka whakamahia e te pūngao waiariki te wera e rongoa ana i roto i te Ao hei whakaputa hiko me te wera. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ko te keri ki roto i te whenua kia uru atu ai ki ngā puna waiariki ka taea te whakamahi hei whakamahana i te wai me te whakaputa mamaoa hei taraiwa i ngā tāpoi.
Ko te painga o te pūngao waiariki ko tōna pumau me te wātea i ngā wā katoa, ahakoa te āhua o te rangi. Heoi, ko tōna whanaketanga ka herea ki ngā wāhi he nui te mahi waiariki, ā, he utu nui te tāutanga tuatahi.
Ngā Wero me ngā Huarahi
Ahakoa he maha ngā painga o te pūngao rerekē, he maha ngā wero me wikitoria kia pai ai te whakamahinga:
- Te Whai Hua me te UtuKo ētahi hangarau pūngao rerekē, pērā i ngā panera rā me ngā tāhū hau, he iti ake tonu te whai huatanga o te hurihanga i ngā wahie pūmua. Hei tāpiri, he nui ngā utu tāutanga tuatahi.
- Hanganga HangarauKo ngā hanganga o nāianei, pērā i te whatunga hiko, kāore i te hangaia kia taea te whakahaere i ngā pūtake pūngao rerekē pērā i te hau me te rā. Me nui te haumi ki te whanaketanga whatunga atamai me ngā pūnaha rokiroki pūngao.
- Ngā Kaupapahere me ngā TureHe mea nui te tautoko a te kāwanatanga mā roto i ngā kaupapa here me ngā ture tautoko hei whakatenatena i te whakawhanaketanga me te tango i ngā pūtake pūngao rerekē. Me neke ngā tahua āwhina mō ngā wahie pūmua hei tautoko i ngā pūtake pūngao hou.
- Te Mātauranga me te MāramatangaMe whakapiki ake te mātauranga me te mōhiotanga o te marea mō te hiranga o te pūngao rerekē me te oranga tonutanga o te taiao hei akiaki i te huringa whanonga me te tautoko a te marea.
Heoi, kei muri i ēnei wero he whai wāhitanga nui:
- Auahatanga HangarauKei te piki haere tonu te whai huatanga me te whakaiti i te utu o te whakaputa pūngao rerekē mā te whanaketanga tonu. Mā te rangahau me te whanaketanga tonu ka ara ake ngā otinga hou, whai hua ake, me te utu tika.
- Te Waihanga MahiKei te rāngai pūngao rerekē te pūmanawa ki te waihanga mahi hou, mai i te rangahau me te whanaketanga ki te whakaputa me te tāutanga.
- Te Oranga TaiaoMā te whakamahi whānui i te pūngao rerekē ka āwhina i te whakaiti i ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi, te whakaiti i te parahanga o te hau, me te tiaki i te kanorau koiora.
- Haumarutanga PūngaoMā te whakarahi ake i ngā pūtake pūngao ka nui ake te haumarutanga pūngao o te whenua, ka whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki ngā kawemai wahie pūmua, ā, ka tiaki i ngā piki me ngā heke o te utu pūngao o te ao.
Whakamutunga
Ko te pūngao rerekē te mea nui ki te whakatutuki i tētahi heke mai pumau, ā, he pai hoki mō te taiao. Ahakoa he maha ngā wero hei wikitoria, he nui ngā painga e tukuna ana e te pūngao rerekē, mō te taiao me te ōhanga, me te pāpori hoki. Mā te tautoko kaupapa here tika, te auahatanga hangarau, me te whakapiki ake i te mōhiotanga o te marea, ka taea e tātou te neke ki tētahi pūnaha pūngao ma, pumau ake.
Ehara i te mea ko te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia pūngao o nāianei anake te kaupapa o te haumi ki ngā pūngao rerekē, engari ko te tiaki hoki i te ao mō ngā whakatipuranga o muri mai. Mā te whakamahi i ngā rauemi taiao maha, mutunga kore hoki pērā i te rā, te hau, te wai, me te pūngao waiariki, ka taea e tātou te waihanga i tētahi ao matomato, hauora hoki.
