Ko te pūngao hiko tētahi o ngā mea tino nui o te ao hou. Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā pūtake pūngao e whakamahia ana hei whakaputa hiko kia rua ngā wāhanga matua: te pūngao ka taea te whakahou me te pūngao kāore e taea te whakahou. He mea nui te mahi a ngā momo pūtake pūngao e rua i roto i te pūnaha hiko o te ao, he painga me ngā wero anō hoki tō ia momo. Ka arotakehia e tēnei tuhinga ngā momo tipu hiko ka taea te whakahou me te pūngao kāore e taea te whakahou, me pēhea te mahi, ō rātou painga, me ō rātou pānga ki te taiao me te hapori.
Te Whakaputa Pūngao Whakahou
Ka ahu mai ngā pūtake pūngao hou i ngā tukanga taiao pumau, arā, kāore e pau i roto i te wā. Anei ētahi momo whakaputa pūngao hou:
- Te Whare Mana Pūngao Rā (PLTS)
Ka whakamahia e ngā tipu hiko o te rā te hihi o te rā hei whakaputa hiko. Ka hurihia e ngā panera hiko photovoltaic (PV) te hihi o te rā hei hiko mā te pānga photovoltaic. Ka whakamahia hoki e ngā tipu hiko o te rā kukū (CSP) ngā whakaata hei arotahi i te hihi o te rā me te whakaputa mamaoa e taraiwa ana i ngā tāpine.
Te taikaha:
- Kāore e whakaputa tukunga hau kati kōtuhi i te wā e whakamahia ana.
- He mutunga kore ngā pūtake pūngao, ā, e wātea ana i te nuinga o te ao.
Te korenga:
- Te whakawhirinaki ki te rangi me te rā, kāore e wātea ana i ngā wā katoa.
- E hiahiatia ana he wāhi nui hei tāuta i te tini o ngā panera rā.
- Te Whare Mana Hau (PLTA)
Ka whakamahia e ngā tipu hiko hau ngā tāpine hau hei huri i te kaha nekeneke o te hau hei kaha hiko. Ko ngā tāpine hau ka whakanohoia ki ngā wāhi he kaha, he pumau hoki ngā hau, pērā i te takutai moana, i te whenua teitei rānei.
Te taikaha:
- He tino iti ngā tukunga waro i te wā e whakamahia ana.
- Ngā puna pūngao nui, ā, he mea whakahou anō hoki.
Te korenga:
- Te whakawhirinaki ki ngā tere rerekē o te hau.
- Ngā pānga ki te tirohanga me te haruru, tae atu ki te whakararuraru pea ki ngā kararehe mohoao.
- Te Whare Hiko Hiko Wai (PLTA)
Ka whakamahia e ngā tipu hiko wai te rere o te wai hei taraiwa i ngā tāpine e whakaputa hiko ana. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā tipu hiko wai nui ngā tāpae wai hei pupuri wai, engari ka whakamahia pea e ngā tipu hiko wai iti te rere o te awa.
Te taikaha:
- Ka taea te whakaputa hiko tonu me te pumau teitei.
- Te whakaiti i te mōrearea waipuke mā te whakahaere wai i ngā tāhuna.
Te korenga:
- Ngā pānga nui ki te taiao, pērā i ngā panonitanga ki ngā pūnaha rauropi wai me te nekehanga o ngā hapori tangata.
- Te whakawhirinaki ki ngā wāhi matawhenua he rawaka ngā puna wai.
- Te Whare Mana Pūngao Ā-Whare (PLTP)
Ka whakamahia e ngā tipu hiko waiariki te wera mai i roto i te Ao hei whakaputa i te mamaoa e taraiwa ana i ngā tāpoi. Ko ngā pūtake waiariki ka kitea i ngā wāhi he nui te mahi waiariki, pērā i te taha o ngā puia, i ngā pereti tektonika rānei.
Te taikaha:
- He iti ngā tukunga waro, ā, e whakarato ana i tētahi pūtake pūngao pumau, pumau hoki.
- Kāore e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā āhuatanga o te rangi.
Te korenga:
- He iti noa iho ki ētahi wāhi he pūmanawa waiariki kei reira.
- Ko te mōrearea o te hekenga o te pāmahana o ngā puna waiariki ka taea te whakaiti i te whai huatanga.
- Te Whare Hiko Pūmua
Ka whakamahia e ngā tipu hiko koiora ngā rauemi rauropi, pērā i te rakau, te para ahuwhenua, me ngā para rauropi, hei whakaputa pūngao mā te tahunga, mā ētahi atu tukanga matū koiora rānei.
Te taikaha:
- Ka whakaiti i te para rauropi, ā, ka taea te whakaputa pūngao tonu.
- Ngā pūtake pūngao hou mēnā ka whakahaerea tika.
Te korenga:
- Tērā pea ka puta ngā tukunga waro me ētahi atu poke i te wā e tahuna ana.
- Me whakahaere tonu ngā rauemi mata.
Te Whakaputa Pūngao Kore-Whakahou
He iti noa ngā pūtake hiko kāore e taea te whakahou, ā, ka pau i roto i te wā mena ka whakamahia tonutia. Anei ētahi momo tipu hiko kāore e taea te whakahou:
- Te Whare Mana Kohu (PLTU)
Ko ngā tipu hiko mamaoa ka whakamahi i te waro, i te hinu rānei hei wahie hei whakamahana i te wai, hei whakaputa hoki i te mamaoa e taraiwa ana i te tāpine.
Te taikaha:
- Hangarau kua whakatūria me ngā hanganga o nāianei.
- Ka taea te whakaputa hiko nui me te iti o ngā utu whakahaere.
Te korenga:
- Ngā tukunga waro teitei me ētahi atu poke, pērā i te hauhā whanariki me ngā matūriki puehu.
- Ngā pānga nui ki te taiao, tae atu ki te keri wahie pūmua me te whakahaere para pungarehu.
- Te Whare Hiko Hau Māori (PLTG)
Ka whakamahia e ngā tipu hiko hau māori te hau māori hei wahie hei taraiwa i ngā tāpine, hei whakamahana rānei i te wai me te whakaputa mamaoa.
Te taikaha:
- He iti ake ngā tukunga waro ki te whakataurite ki te waro me te hinu.
- Ka taea te whakakā me te whakaweto wawe hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia pūngao e rerekē haere ana.
Te korenga:
- Kei te whakaputa tonu i ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi.
- Te whakawhirinaki ki ngā hanganga tohatoha hau māori e tika ana.
- Te Whare Mana Karihi (PLTN)
Ka whakamahia e ngā tipu hiko karihi ngā tauhohenga wehenga karihi o te uranium, te plutonium rānei hei whakaputa wera, kātahi ka whakamahia hei whakaputa mamaoa me te taraiwa i ngā tāpoi.
Te taikaha:
- He tino iti ngā tukunga waro i te wā e whakamahia ana.
- Ka taea te whakaputa hiko i ngā rahinga nui me te pumau.
Te korenga:
- Te mōrearea o ngā aituā karihi me te whakahaere uaua o ngā para irahiko.
- He tino nui ngā utu mō te hanganga me te whakakorenga o te whare.
Ngā Painga me ngā Pānga o ngā Whare Hiko
painga:
- Mana Motuhake o te PūngaoMā te whakamahi i ngā momo pūtake pūngao, arā, ngā pūtake ka taea te whakahou me ngā pūtake kāore e taea te whakahou, ka āwhina i ngā whenua kia tū motuhake ki te pūngao me te whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki ngā kawemai wahie.
- Te Pūmautanga ŌhangaMā te whakaputa hiko pono ka tautoko i te tipu ōhanga mā te whakarato i te pūngao e hiahiatia ana mō ngā ahumahi, ngā pakihi me ngā whare.
- Auahatanga HangarauMā te haumi ki ngā hangarau pūngao hou ka taea te akiaki i te auahatanga me te waihanga mahi i roto i te rāngai pūngao.
Pānga:
- ĀhuatangaHe nui ngā pānga ki te taiao o ngā pūtake pūngao kāore e taea te whakahou pērā i te waro me te hinu, tae atu ki te parahanga o te hau me te wai, me te huringa āhuarangi. Ko ngā pūtake pūngao whakahou he pai ake te taiao i te nuinga o te wā, engari he pānga anō hoki ki te whakamahinga whenua me te pūnaha rauropi.
- HaporiKa pā pea ngā kaupapa whakaputa hiko, inā koa ko ngā kaupapa nui, ki ngā hapori o te rohe mā te nekenga tāngata, ngā huringa whakamahinga whenua, me ngā pānga ki te hauora o te marea.
- ōhangaHe pānga whānui te utu pūngao ki te ōhanga. Ka taea e ngā pūtake pūngao iti te whakaiti i ngā utu whakaputa me te whakapiki i te whakataetae ōhanga, engari me whai whakaaro anō hoki ki ngā utu mō te wā roa, tae atu ki ngā pānga ki te taiao me te hauora.
Whakamutunga
He mea nui te mahi a te whakaputa hiko, arā, ngā mea ka taea te whakahou me ngā mea kāore e taea te whakahou, ki te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia pūngao o te ao. He painga me ngā ngoikoretanga o ia momo whakaputa hiko, me whai whakaaro ki te oranga tonutanga, te haumarutanga pūngao, me te pānga ki te taiao.
Ko te heke mai o te pūngao o te ao ka whakawhirinaki nui ki tō tātou kaha ki te whakawhanake me te whakauru i ngā puna pūngao hou kia pai ake te whai hua, me te whakahaere me te whakaiti i ngā pānga o ngā puna kore e taea te whakahou. Ko te auahatanga hangarau, ngā kaupapa here whai whakaaro, me te mahi tahi o te ao ka noho hei mea nui ki te waihanga i tētahi pūnaha pūngao pumau me te tika mō te katoa.
