Ama-Transistors: Isisekelo Sobuchwepheshe Besimanje
I-Pendahuluan
I-transistor kungenzeka ukuthi ingenye yezinto eziqanjwe kakhulu zekhulu lama-20, eguqula umhlaba wezobuchwepheshe. Ayigcini nje ngokuba yingxenye ebalulekile kumadivayisi ahlukahlukene kagesi, kodwa futhi iqhubekisele phambili ukusungula izinto ezintsha emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yezobuchwepheshe nesayensi. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngokujulile ngokuthi iyini i-transistor, umlando wayo, ukuthi isebenza kanjani, kanye nethonya layo ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe besimanje.
Iyini i-Transistor?
Kalula nje, i-transistor iyisakhi se-semiconductor esisetshenziselwa ukulawula ugesi. I-transistor inemisebenzi emibili eyinhloko: njengeswishi noma i-amplifier. Ekusetshenzisweni kokushintsha, i-transistor ingavula noma ivale ukugeleza kogesi. Njenge-amplifier, i-transistor ingakhulisa isignali kagesi engenayo.
Umlando wama-Transistors
Ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwe-transistor, amashubhu e-vacuum ayesetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-elekthronikhi. Kodwa-ke, amashubhu e-vacuum ayenezinkinga: ayemakhulu, efudumala kalula, futhi engasebenzi kahle. Ngakho-ke, abacwaningi baqala ukufuna izixazululo ezisebenza kahle nezisebenzayo.
Ngo-1947, ososayensi abathathu abavela eBell Laboratories—uJohn Bardeen, uWalter Brattain, noWilliam Shockley—basungula i-transistor yokuqala. Lokhu kutholwa kwaba umphumela wocwaningo olunzulu ngezakhiwo zama-semiconductor. Ngenxa yale mpumelelo, banikezwa uMklomelo kaNobel kuFiziksi ngo-1956.
Izinhlobo zama-Transistors
1. I-Bipolar Transistor (i-Bipolar Junction Transistor/BJT):
Njengoba ziqukethe izinhlobo ezimbili, i-NPN kanye ne-PNP, lawa ma-transistors asebenza ngokusekelwe ekugelezeni kwamandla kagesi kusukela esisekelweni kuya ku-emitter. Ama-BJT ngokuvamile asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokukhulisa isignali ngenxa yekhono lawo lokunikeza amandla aphezulu.
2. I-Transistor Yomphumela Wensimu (i-FET):
Ngokungafani nama-BJT, ama-FET alawula ukugeleza kwamanje ensimini kagesi. Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwe-FET yi-MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor), esetshenziswa kabanzi kumasekethe edijithali nasemakhompyutha.
Isimiso Sokusebenza Se-Transistor
1. I-Bipolar Transistor (BJT):
Ku-BJT, kunezingqimba ezintathu ze-semiconductor: i-emitter, isisekelo, kanye ne-collector. Ku-transistor ye-NPN, lapho kufakwa i-voltage encane esisekelweni, ugesi ugeleza usuka ku-emitter uye esisekelweni bese uye ku-collector. Le nqubo ivumela i-transistor ukuthi 'ivule' noma 'ivale' ugesi omkhulu.
2. I-Field Effect Transistor (FET):
I-FET inezindawo ezintathu zokugcina: umthombo, isango, kanye nedrayivu. Uma i-voltage ifakwa esangweni, insimu kagesi ephumayo ilawula ukugeleza kwamandla kagesi phakathi komthombo kanye nedrayivu. Lokhu kwenza ama-FET asebenze kahle kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla aphansi.
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-Transistors kubuchwepheshe besimanje
1. Amakhompyutha nama-Microprocessor:
Ama-transistors ayisakhiwo esibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwama-microprocessor anamuhla. I-microprocessor yesimanje ingaqukatha izigidigidi zama-transistors asebenza njengama-microswitch ukuze enze imiyalelo enengqondo, okwenza ikhompyutha yenze imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi ngokushesha nangendlela ephumelelayo.
2. Ukuxhumana Ngeselula:
Ama-smartphone esiwasebenzisa nsuku zonke athembele kakhulu kuma-transistor kuma-chip awo ukuze acubungule idatha, andise isignali, kanye neminye imisebenzi ehlukahlukene. Ngaphandle kwama-transistor, ukwenza ama-smartphone abe mancane kanye nokusebenza kahle okwenza kube nokwenzeka bekungeke kwenzeke.
3. Ama-elekthronikhi Abathengi:
Imikhiqizo efana namathelevishini, imisakazo, kanye nemishini yomsindo isebenzisa ama-transistor ukucubungula isignali kanye nokukhulisa umsindo. Emishinini yomsindo, ama-transistor asetshenziswa kuma-amplifier ukunikeza umsindo ocacile nonamandla.
4. Imboni Yezimoto:
Izimoto zanamuhla zigcwele izinto zikagesi eziguqulwe ngendlela ye-transistorized, kusukela ezinhlelweni zokuzijabulisa kuya ekuphathweni kwezinjini kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula ukukhishwa komoya ongcolile.
5. Amadivayisi Ezokwelapha:
Amadivayisi ezokwelapha afana neziqaphi zenhliziyo kanye neminye imishini yokuxilonga asebenzisa ama-transistors ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekile nokunembile.
Ikusasa Lama-Transistors
Ngokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe, ama-transistor ayaqhubeka nokusungula izinto ezintsha ngobukhulu kanye nokusebenza. Umkhuba owodwa obalulekile ukwenziwa kwe-miniaturization ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-nanometer, okuvumela ama-transistor amaningi ukuthi abekwe ku-chip eyodwa ngaphandle kokwandisa usayizi we-chip uqobo.
Ucwaningo luyaqhubeka nasezintweni ezintsha ze-semiconductor ezifana ne-graphene ne-molybdenum disulfide, ezingase zinikeze isivinini esiphezulu kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamandla okungcono uma kuqhathaniswa ne-silicon yendabuko.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhompyutha e-quantum ayindawo eyodwa lapho ama-transistors avamile angathathelwa indawo ama-qubits, amayunithi ayisisekelo ekubalweni kwe-quantum, kodwa ama-transistors asazodlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni nasekulinganiseni isimo salawo ma-qubits.
I-Penutup
Ama-transistors awazona nje izingxenye ezincane kumasekethe kagesi; ayisisekelo sobuchwepheshe besimanje esibujabulelayo namuhla. Kusukela kumakhompyutha kuya kumadivayisi ezokwelapha kanye nama-smartphone, ama-transistors adlala indima ebalulekile nesakazekile. Njengezingxenye ezilawula ukugeleza kwamandla kagesi, ama-transistors avule umnyango wezinto ezintsha ezingenakubalwa futhi avumela intuthuko emangalisayo kwezobuchwepheshe emikhakheni ehlukahlukene.
Ngokuthola izinto ezintsha njalo kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha, ikusasa le-transistor libukeka likhanya njengesikhathi salo esidlule. Ucwaningo olusha kanye nezinto ezintsha kuzoqhubeka nokucindezela imingcele yalokho okungenzeka, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ama-transistor ahlala eyingxenye ebalulekile yezwe lethu lobuchwepheshe.
