Isibonelo Semibuzo Yengxoxo Ye-semiconductor
I-Pendahuluan
I-semiconductor iyinto enomoya kagesi phakathi komoya (njengethusi) kanye ne-insulator (njengengilazi). Ezweni lanamuhla, ama-semiconductor adlala indima ebalulekile njengoba eyizinto eziyisisekelo ezisetshenziswa ukukhiqiza amadivayisi ahlukahlukene kagesi, kufaka phakathi ama-diode, ama-transistors, kanye nama-integrated circuits (ama-IC). Lesi sihloko sizokwethula izibonelo eziningana zezinkinga ze-semiconductor ukusiza abafundi bathole ukuqonda okujulile ngalesi sihloko.
1. Isakhiwo sekristalu se-semiconductor
Umbuzo: Chaza isakhiwo sekristalu sama-semiconductor e-silicon kanye nomthelela walesi sakhiwo ezimpahleni zawo zikagesi.
Ingxoxo: Ama-semiconductor e-Silicon anesakhiwo sekristalu esaziwa ngokuthi i-diamond cubic crystal. Kulesi sakhiwo, i-athomu ngayinye ye-silicon ihlanganiswe ndawonye kuma-athomu amane e-silicon angomakhelwane, okwenza isibopho esizinzile kakhulu. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani i-silicon emsulwa inomoya ophansi kagesi ekushiseni kwegumbi.
Ukuqhuba kukagesi kwe-silicon kungandiswa ngokungeza ukungcola (i-doping). Isibonelo, ukwengeza i-phosphorus (i-doping yohlobo lwe-n) kuzofaka ama-electron amahhala, kuyilapho ukwengeza i-boron (i-doping yohlobo lwe-p) kuzodala izimbobo ezisebenza njengezithwali zokushaja ezinhle.
2. Ukushintshashintsha Kwe-Semiconductor
Umbuzo: Chaza umehluko phakathi kokusebenzisa i-n-type doping kanye ne-p-type doping kanye nemiphumela yayo ekuqhutshweni kwe-semiconductor.
Ingxoxo: Ukufaka i-doping kuyinqubo yokwengeza ukungcola ku-semiconductor ukushintsha izakhiwo zayo zikagesi. Ekufakeni i-doping yohlobo lwe-n, ama-athomu okungcola okwengeziwe ngokuvamile anama-electron e-valence amaningi kunama-athomu e-silicon (isb., i-phosphorus enama-electron e-valence angu-5). Lawa ma-electron engeziwe aba ama-electron amahhala angasiza ekuqhubeni ugesi, ngaleyo ndlela andise ukuqhubela phambili kwezinto.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, ekusetshenzisweni kwe-p-type doping, ama-athomu okungcola anama-electron e-valence ambalwa kune-silicon (isibonelo, i-boron inama-electron e-valence amathathu). Ukuntuleka kwama-electron e-valence kudala imigodi esebenza njengabathwali be-charge abahle. Lezi zimbobo zandisa ukuhanjiswa kwamandla ngokuvumela i-charge ukuthi idlule ku-crystal.
3. Igebe Lebhendi Nokuqhuba Ugesi
Umbuzo: Chaza futhi uchaze umqondo we-band gap nokuthi uthinta kanjani ukuqhutshwa kukagesi kwama-semiconductor.
Ingxoxo: Igebe lebhendi amandla adingekayo ukuhambisa ama-electron esuka ebhendini le-valence aye ebhendini lokuhambisa. Ama-semiconductor anegebe lebhendi elincane kune-insulator, kodwa likhulu kune-conductor.
Kuma-semiconductor, lapho ama-electron ethola amandla anele (isibonelo, ekushiseni noma kuma-photon), angagxumela igebe lebhendi aye ebhendini lokuhambisa futhi abe ama-electron akhululekile angathwala ugesi. Ubukhulu begebe lebhendi bunquma ukuthi ama-electron angavuselelwa kalula kangakanani ebhendini lokuhambisa:
– Ama-semiconductor anezikhala ezincane zebhendi (njenge-silicon, enesikhala sebhendi esingu-~1.1 eV) kulula ukuqhuba ugesi emazingeni okushisa aphansi.
– Ama-semiconductor anesikhala esikhulu sebhendi (njenge-gallium arsenide, enesikhala sebhendi esingu-~1.4 eV) adinga amandla engeziwe ukuze abe namandla okuqhuba, kodwa angasebenza kahle kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana nama-diode akhipha ukukhanya (ama-LED).
4. ITransistor
Umbuzo: Iyini i-transistor futhi isebenza kanjani ezinhlelweni ze-elekthronikhi?
Ingxoxo: I-transistor iyisakhi se-semiconductor esisetshenziselwa ukukhulisa noma ukushintsha izimpawu zikagesi. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezivamile zama-transistor: ama-transistor e-bipolar junction (ama-BJT) kanye nama-transistor e-field-effect (ama-FET).
Ku-BJT, kunezendlalelo ezintathu zohlobo lwe-p kanye nohlobo lwe-n ezihlelwe (npn noma pnp). Ugesi ongena esisekelweni (B) ulawula ukugeleza kwamanje phakathi komqoqi (C) kanye nomsingathi (E). Okwamanje, ku-FET, i-voltage esetshenziswa esangweni (G) ilawula ukugeleza kwamanje phakathi komsele (D) kanye nomthombo (S).
Ama-transistors avumela ukukhuliswa kwesiginali ngoba izinguquko ezincane kokufakwayo (isisekelo noma isango) zingabangela izinguquko ezinkulu kokukhiphayo (i-collector-emitter noma umthombo wokukhipha amanzi). Lokhu kwenza ama-transistors abe yizingxenye ezibalulekile kumasekethe kagesi, kufaka phakathi ama-amplifier namasekethe e-logic.
5. I-Diode
Umbuzo: Uyini umsebenzi we-diode futhi usebenza kanjani?
Ingxoxo: I-diode iyisakhi semiconductor esivumela ugesi ukuthi ugeleze ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela. I-diode iqukethe i-p-n junction, okuyi-junction phakathi kwezinto zohlobo lwe-p kanye nohlobo lwe-n. Uma i-voltage isetshenziswa ohlangothini oluya phambili (i-anode kuya ku-cathode), ugesi ungageleza kalula. Kodwa-ke, uma i-voltage isetshenziswa ohlangothini oluya emuva (i-cathode kuya ku-anode), ukumelana okuphezulu kuzovimbela ukugeleza kogesi.
Lokhu kwenza ama-diode abe usizo kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezifana nokulungisa (okuguqula ugesi oshintshashintshayo ube ugesi oqondile), ukuvikelwa kwesekethe, kanye nokushintsha isignali.
6. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-Semiconductors ku-Electronics
Umbuzo: Qamba ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zama-semiconductor kubuchwepheshe besimanje bese uchaza imisebenzi yawo.
Ingxoxo: Ama-semiconductor asetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zobuchwepheshe besimanje okuhlanganisa:
– Ama-Microprocessor kanye neMemori: Ukusetshenziswa kwama-transistors kuma-integrated circuits (ama-IC) kuvumela ukudalwa kwama-microprocessor ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi asebenza kahle kanye nama-memory chips.
– Izinzwa: Izinzwa ze-semiconductor zingathola amapharamitha ahlukahlukene angokomzimba njengokukhanya (ama-photodiode), izinga lokushisa (ama-thermistors), kanye nengcindezi (izinzwa ze-piezoelectric).
– I-Light Emitting Diode (i-LED): Amanye ama-semiconductor angakhipha ukukhanya lapho ugesi ugeleza kuwo, okusetshenziswa ezibonisini, ezibanini nasezikhombisini.
– Amaseli Elanga: Ama-semiconductor afana ne-silicon adala ugesi uma evezwa elangeni, okusetshenziswa kumaphaneli elanga ukukhiqiza amandla kagesi.
I-Penutup
Ukuqonda imiqondo eyisisekelo yama-semiconductor kanye nezibonelo ezahlukahlukene zezinkinga okuxoxwe ngazo kuzosiza abafundi ukuba baqonde kahle indaba kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-semiconductor kubuchwepheshe besimanje. Lesi sihloko kulindeleke ukuthi sinikeze ukuqonda okujulile ngemisebenzi, izimiso zokusebenza, kanye nokubaluleka kwama-semiconductor emhlabeni we-elekthronikhi.
