Ithiyori Egxile Ebuchosheni: Ukuhlola Okujulile
Ithiyori Egxile Emaphethelweni Omhlaba ingumqondo obalulekile ocwaningweni lwezindawo zasemadolobheni kanye nokuhlela kwesifunda, eyaqala ukuphakanyiswa yisazi sezenhlalo u-Ernest W. Burgess ngo-1925. Le thiyori igxile emaphethini okusetshenziswa komhlaba kanye nokuvela kwezindawo zasemadolobheni, okugxile kakhulu kumongo weDolobha laseChicago ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ngokujulile imvelaphi, ukusetshenziswa, ukugxekwa, kanye nokufaneleka kwale thiyori kumongo wokukhula kwezindawo zasemadolobheni zanamuhla.
1. Imvelaphi Yethiyori Egxile Ezingxenyeni Eziyinhloko
U-Ernest Burgess wasungula i-Concentric Theory njengengxenye ye-University of Chicago School of Sociology. Ngaleso sikhathi, iChicago yayikhula ngokushesha ngenxa yokukhula kwezimboni, yaheha ukufuduka okukhulu futhi yabangela izinguquko ezisheshayo ekusetshenzisweni komhlaba kanye nesakhiwo sezenhlalo nezomnotho sedolobha. UBurgess waphawula ukuthi amadolobha ayevame ukuthuthuka ochungechungeni lwezindawo ezihlangene eziphuma enkabeni yedolobha.
2. Imiqondo Eyisisekelo Yethiyori Egxile Eqondweni
I-Concentric Theory ichaza idolobha njengezindilinga ezihlukene eziqondile, ngayinye inomsebenzi wayo kanye nobuntu bayo. Nansi incazelo emfushane yendawo ngayinye ku-theory yokuqala kaBurgess:
– Indawo 1 – Isifunda Sebhizinisi Esimaphakathi (i-CBD): Lena yinkaba yedolobha, isikhungo semisebenzi yezentengiselwano neyebhizinisi. Le ndawo ngokuvamile iyindawo enabantu abaningi, enezakhiwo eziphakeme eziningi kanye nomsebenzi omkhulu wezomnotho.
– Indawo 2 – Indawo Yokuguquka: Ezungeze i-CBD, le ndawo ngokuvamile inezimboni zezimboni kanye nezindlu zabasebenzi, ngokuvamile ezisesimweni esibi. Le ndawo futhi iyikhaya labokufika abasha edolobheni.
– Isigaba 3 – Isigaba Sezindlu Zabasebenzi: Lena indawo yokuhlala yabasebenzi asebekhulile kunaleyo yangaphambili. Le ndawo ivame ukuba nezindlu ezinakekelwa kangcono kancane.
– Indawo 4 – Indawo Yokuhlala Yesigaba Esiphakathi: Njengendawo eqhelelene nesikhungo, le ndawo ihlalwa yimindeni yesigaba esiphakathi enezindawo ezikhululekile kanye nendawo ezungezile.
– Indawo 5 – Abagibeli: Lena indawo engaphandle kakhulu ephethwe yizindlu ezisezingeni eliphezulu futhi kulula ukufinyelela edolobheni, kodwa isanikeza indawo ethule yasemadolobheni.
3. Ukusetshenziswa kwethiyori egxile kakhulu
Le mbono isibe yimodeli eyisisekelo ekuhleleni amadolobha kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezindawo. Abahleli kanye nezazi zejografi bavame ukusebenzisa le modeli njengereferensi yokuqonda ukukhula kwamadolobha kanye nokuguquguquka kwezenhlalo nezomnotho. Enye indlela ewusizo yokusebenzisa le mbono isekuhlelweni kwendawo, okuzama ukubikezela ukukhula nokusiza ekuhleleni ingqalasizinda yamadolobha njengezokuthutha, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, kanye nemfundo.
4. Ukugxekwa Kwemfundiso Egxile Eqondweni
Nakuba ithiyori egxile kakhulu inikeza uhlaka oluwusizo, kunezigxeko eziningana eziphakanyisiwe:
– Ubuningi: Lo mbono usekelwe ekubonweni kweDolobha laseChicago ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 futhi awubonisi ngempela isakhiwo samadolobha kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba ngezimo ezahlukene zomlando nezenhlalo.
– Isimo Esimile: Inkolelo-mbono kaBurgess ibhekwa njengengaguquki kakhulu futhi ayikwazi ukuchaza ngokugcwele ukuguquguquka okuyinkimbinkimbi kwentuthuko yasemadolobheni yanamuhla, okuhlanganisa ukuvela kwezindawo zamadolobha amakhulu ezinentuthuko engaqondile njengemizi esemaphethelweni kanye nokwanda kwamadolobha.
– Ukunganakwa kweJografi Yomzimba: Le mbono ayicabangi ngezinto ezibonakalayo zejografi yedolobha, njengemifula, izintaba, noma ezinye izimo zejografi ezingathonya intuthuko yedolobha.
5. Ukufaneleka Kokufuduka Kwamadolobha Kwanamuhla
Ithiyori Egxile Emphakathini isabalulekile ezingxoxweni zokufudukela emadolobheni, yize isesimweni esishintshiwe nesicwengisisiwe. Enkathini yanamuhla, amaphethini okuthuthukiswa kwamadolobha aseyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngenxa yentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, ukuguquguquka kwezenhlalo nezomnotho, kanye nezingcindezi zemvelo.
Ngezindlela zamanje zokuthuthuka kwamadolobha, singabona ezinye izici zemodeli egxile ziphinde zivele, ikakhulukazi esimweni sokuthuthukiswa kwezikhungo zebhizinisi ezintsha kanye nezindlu zasemadolobheni. Kodwa-ke, ngentuthuko efana nokuthuthwa kwabantu abaningi kanye nokusungulwa kwezobuchwepheshe, ukwanda kwezindawo zokuhlala kanye nendawo yokusebenza kungenzeka ngendlela ehlukahlukene kakhulu kunephethini evamile egxile.
6. Isiphetho
Ithiyori kaBurgess Egxile Emphakathini isalokhu iyingxenye ebalulekile yezifundo zejografi yasemadolobheni, naphezu kwemikhawulo yayo. Ukuqonda le modeli kusiza abahleli basemadolobheni kanye nezifundiswa ukuthi bathole amaphethini futhi basebenzise izinqubomgomo ezingasiza ekwakheni amadolobha azinzile futhi anobungani nemvelo esikhathini esizayo.
Kubafundi nabacwaningi, kubalulekile ukuqhubeka nokucabangela ukuvela kwalomqondo nokuwubeka esimweni esifanele izikhathi ezishintshayo. Ngale ndlela, singakulungela kangcono ukubhekana nezinselele zokuthuthuka kwamadolobha esikhathini esizayo ngenkathi sigcina ibhalansi phakathi kokukhula komnotho, impilo yomphakathi, kanye nokusimama kwemvelo.
